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CIRSE Standards of Practice documents are not intended to impose a standard of clinical patient care, but to recommend a reasonable approach to, and best practices for, procedural performance, in this instance the use of non-sclerosant liquid embolic agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The writing group was established by the CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee and consisted of five clinicians with internationally recognised expertise in non-sclerosant liquid embolic agents and a research assistant (P.R.). The writing group reviewed the existing literature on non-sclerosant liquid embolic agents, performing a pragmatic evidence search using PUBMED and EMBASE focussing on English-language publications, preferably from 2009 up to December 2025, and including more than ten patients. Where clear gaps were evident, older literature was searched and select references included. The final recommendations were formulated through consensus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-sclerosant liquid embolic agents are represented by cyanoacrylates and polymers which are safe and effective agents that can be used in a wide range of clinical scenarios, resulting in effective embolization even in patients with impaired coagulation function. Knowing their chemical properties provides understanding of their correct preparation, technical application and clinical indication. Compared to mechanical and particulate agents, non-sclerosant liquid embolic agents present a steeper learning curve, and thus, thorough training in their use is essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-026-04610-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:04:30Z","timestamp":1790183070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CIRSE Standards of Practice for the Use of Non-sclerosant Liquid Embolic Agents in IR Practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Giurazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Ierardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Bent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Roccatagliata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3107-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romaric","family":"Loffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4610_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takeuchi Y, Morishita H, Sato Y, et al. 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Prof. Romaric Loffroy serves as a consultant for Guerbet, GEM\/HB Fuller, Medtronic and Balt and is a member of the CVIR Editorial Board. Dr. Anna Maria Ierardi serves as a consultant for Guerbet and Merit and is a member of the CVIR Editorial Board. Dr. Jos\u00e9 Urbano serves as a consultant for Abbott, Medtronic, Braun, Esai-MSD, Gore, Astrazeneca, Guerbet, Balt, Boston Scientific, and Philips and is a member of the CVIR Editorial Board. Dr. Clare Bent serves as a consultant for Guerbet, Merit, and Medtronic. 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