{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:11:33Z","timestamp":1780337493533,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"narodowe centrum bada\u0144 i rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID 244803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID 244803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Radiol Anat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sinus tympani is the space in the retrotympanum, with variable morphology. Computed tomography is a common tool to investigate sinus tympani anatomy. During cochlear implantation or tympanoplasty, electrocochleography can be used for hearing monitoring. In such a surgical strategy the electrode is placed in the round window\u2019s region throughout posterior tympanotomy. Common accessible needle-shaped electrodes using is difficult in achieving intraoperative stabilization. The aim of the study is to assess the dimensions and shape of sinus tympani, basing on the micro computed tomography scans for purposes of establishing the possible new electrocochleography electrode shape.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sixteen fresh frozen cadaveric temporal bones were dissected. MicroCT measurements included the depth and the width of sinus tympani, width of facial canal with stapedius muscle chamber. Obtained data were analyzed statistically with the use of RStudio 1.3.959 software.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The highest average width of sinus tympani amounted for 2.68\u00a0mm, depth measured at the round window plane for 3.19\u00a0mm. Width of facial canal with stapedius muscle chamber highest average values at the round window plane- 3.32\u00a0mm. The lowest average minimum and maximum values were calculated at the 1\u00a0mm above the round window plane. The highest average posterior tympanotomy width was 2.91\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The shape of the tympanic sinus is like a trough with the narrowest and deepest dimensions in the middle part. The ST shape and dimensions should be taken into account in constructing the ECochG electrode, designed for optimal placement through posterior tympanotomy approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T12:03:05Z","timestamp":1637755385000},"page":"323-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of tympanic sinus shape for purposes of intraoperative hearing monitoring: a microCT study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Bili\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wojciechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Soko\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazimierz","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2859_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.127588","volume":"127","author":"F Abdel Baki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abdel Baki F, El Dine MB, El Saiid I, Bakry M (2002) Sinus tympani endoscopic anatomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127:158\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mhn.2002.127588","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2859_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.03.028","volume":"131","author":"A Aslan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aslan A, Guclu G, Tekdemir I, Elhan A (2004) Anatomic limitations of posterior exposure of the sinus tympani. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131:457\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.03.028","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2859_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02246-3","volume":"41","author":"D Baklaci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baklaci D, Kuzucu I, Guler I, Akbal S, Kum NY, Yildirim GK, Parlak IS, Kum RO, Ozcan M (2019) Effect of mastoid bone pneumatization on the conformation and depth of the sinus tympani, a high-resolution computed tomography study. Surg Radiol Anat 41:921\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-019-02246-3","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"2859_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.01.009","volume":"47","author":"T Bekci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bekci T, Hizli O, Ozturk M, Yildirim G (2020) Quantitative three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of sinus tympani volume in temporal bones with petrous apex pneumatization. Auris Nasus Larynx 47:587\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anl.2020.01.009","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"2859_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190677","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190677","volume":"93","author":"C Burd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burd C, Pai I, Connor S (2020) Imaging anatomy of the retrotympanum: variants and their surgical implications. Br J Radiol 93:20190677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20190677","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"2859_CR6","first-page":"61","volume":"51","author":"AC Cheita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheita AC, Maru N, Mogoanta CA, Ionita E (2010) The recesses of the retrotympanum. Romanian J Morphol Embryol 51:61\u201368","journal-title":"Romanian J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"2859_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.06.011","volume":"133","author":"B Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen B, Yin S, Shen P (2005) The feasibility of the retrofacial approach to the pediatric sinus tympani. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:780\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.06.011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2859_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000438742","volume":"20","author":"A Dalbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalbert A, Pfiffner F, Roosli C, Thoele K, Sim JH, Gerig R, Huber AM (2015) Extra- and intracochlear electrocochleography in cochlear implant recipients. Audiol Neurootol 20:339\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000438742","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"2859_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1970.00770040325003","volume":"91","author":"JA Donaldson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Donaldson JA, Anson BJ, Warpeha RL, Rensink MJ (1970) The surgical anatomy of the sinus tympani. Arch Otolaryngol 91:219\u2013227","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2859_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233121651983356","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519833567","volume":"23","author":"S Haumann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haumann S, Imsiecke M, Bauernfeind G, Buchner A, Helmstaedter V, Lenarz T, Salcher RB (2019) Monitoring of the inner ear function during and after cochlear implant insertion using electrocochleography. Trends Hear 23:2331216519833567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2331216519833567","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"2859_CR11","first-page":"133","volume":"40","author":"D H\u00f6hmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"H\u00f6hmann D (1992) Intraoperative monitoring with transtympanic electrocochleography. HNO 40:133\u2013139","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"2859_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.Jns13396","volume":"120","author":"SM Krieg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krieg SM, Kempf L, Droese D, Rosahl SK, Meyer B, Lehmberg J (2014) Superiority of tympanic ball electrodes over mastoid needle electrodes for intraoperative monitoring of hearing function. J Neurosurg 120:1042\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.1.Jns13396","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2859_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20185060","author":"BYP Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar BYP, Venugopal D, Parashuram R, Veenapani MK, Subhash C, Sunil KC, Pardikar SS (2018) Dimensions and morphology of the sinus tympani: an anatomical study. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20185060","journal-title":"Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2859_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00714488","volume":"249","author":"T Lenarz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lenarz T, Ernst A (1992) Intraoperative monitoring by transtympanic electrocochleography and brainstem electrical response audiometry in acoustic neuroma surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 249:257\u2013262","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2859_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181b0503e","volume":"30","author":"D Marchioni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marchioni D, Mattioli F, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Presutti L (2009) Transcanal endoscopic approach to the sinus tympani: a clinical report. Otol Neurotol 30:758\u2013765","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"2859_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-011-0159-0","volume":"63","author":"D Marchioni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marchioni D, Molteni G, Presutti L (2011) Endoscopic anatomy of the middle ear. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 63:101\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12070-011-0159-0","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2859_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1366-7","volume":"37","author":"D Marchioni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marchioni D, Valerini S, Mattioli F, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Presutti L (2015) Radiological assessment of the sinus tympani: temporal bone HRCT analyses and surgically related findings. Surg Radiol Anat 37:385\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-014-1366-7","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"2859_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-006-0055-y","volume":"111","author":"S Mazziotti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mazziotti S, Arceri F, Vinci S, Salamone I, Racchiusa S, Pandolfo I (2006) Role of coronal oblique reconstruction as a complement to CT study of the temporal bone: normal anatomy. Radiol Med 111:607\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-006-0055-y","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"2859_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814524365","volume":"150","author":"K Morawski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morawski K, Niemczyk K, Sokolowski J, Hryciuk A, Bartoszewicz R (2014) Intraoperative monitoring of hearing improvement during ossiculoplasty by Laser-Doppler vibrometry, auditory brainstem responses, and electrocochleography. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 150:1043\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599814524365","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2859_CR20","first-page":"389","volume":"57","author":"K Niemczyk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Niemczyk K, Nitek S, Wysocki J, Bruzgielewicz A (2003) Anatomy of sinus tympani. Otolaryngol Pol 57:389\u2013393","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Pol"},{"key":"2859_CR21","first-page":"195","volume":"65","author":"S Nitek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nitek S, Wysocki J, Niemczyk K, Ungier E (2006) The anatomy of the tympanic sinus. Folia Morphol 65:195\u2013199","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"key":"2859_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610501004","volume":"105","author":"O Ozturan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ozturan O, Bauer CA, Miller CC 3rd, Jenkins HA (1996) Dimensions of the sinus tympani and its surgical access via a retrofacial approach. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 105:776\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348949610501004","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2859_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01628898","volume":"20","author":"C Parlier-Cuau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parlier-Cuau C, Champsaur P, Perrin E, Rabischong P, Lassau JP (1998) High-resolution computed tomographic study of the retrotympanum. Anatomic correlations Surg Radiol Anat 20:215\u2013220","journal-title":"Anatomic correlations Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"2859_CR24","first-page":"741","volume":"16","author":"BP Pickett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pickett BP, Cail WS, Lambert PR (1995) Sinus tympani: anatomic considerations, computed tomography, and a discussion of the retrofacial approach for removal of disease. Am J Otol 16:741\u2013750","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"2859_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.3368","volume":"9","author":"I Pobo\u017cny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pobo\u017cny I, Lachowska M, Bartoszewicz R, Niemczyk K (2020) Detailed insight into transtympanic electrocochleography (TT-ECochG) and direct cochlear nerve action potential (CNAP) for intraoperative hearing monitoring in patients with vestibular schwannoma\u2014methodology of measurements and interpretation of results. Otolaryngol Pol 9:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/01.3001.0014.3368","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Pol"},{"key":"2859_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1971.00770070664006","volume":"94","author":"R Saito","year":"1971","unstructured":"Saito R, Igarashi M, Alford BR, Guilford FR (1971) Anatomical measurement of the sinus tympani. Study of horizontal serial sections of the human temporal bone. Arch Otolaryngol 94:418\u2013425","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2859_CR27","volume-title":"Complications in head and neck surgery","author":"DER Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith DER (2008) Complications in head and neck surgery. Elsevier"},{"key":"2859_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215115001115","volume":"129","author":"V Visvanathan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Visvanathan V, Morrissey MS (2015) Anatomical variations of the temporal bone on high-resolution computed tomography imaging: how common are they? J Laryngol Otol 129:634\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022215115001115","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2859_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.06.014","volume":"79","author":"Z Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Z, Hou Q, Wang P, Sun Z, Fan Y, Wang Y, Xue H, Jin Z, Chen X (2015) The image variations in mastoid segment of facial nerve and sinus tympani in congenital aural atresia by HRCT and 3D VR CT Int. J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 79:1412\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.06.014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2859_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-019-00490-6","volume":"95","author":"T Wojciechowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wojciechowski T, Skadorwa T, N\u00e8ve de M\u00e9vergnies JG, Niemczyk K (2020) Microtomographic morphometry of the stapedius muscle and its tendon. Anat Sci Int 95:31\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12565-019-00490-6","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T03:08:26Z","timestamp":1644548906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0930-1038","1279-8517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0930-1038","type":"print"},{"value":"1279-8517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Medical University of Warsaw (Decision Number KB\/69\/2015), and abides by the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors consented to participate in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consented to the publication of the article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}