{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T14:46:45Z","timestamp":1794062805614,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005187","name":"University of Athens","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Radiol Anat"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The sphenoid bone (SB) extracranial ligaments (ECRLs) are the pterygoalar and pterygospinous ligaments (PTAL and PTSL) that are located at the SB lateral pterygoid plate, and inferior to the foramen ovale (FO). Their ossification may affect the mandibular nerve\u2019s distribution. The intracranial ligaments\u2019 (ICRLs) ossification (the caroticoclinoid ligament\u2014CCLL, the anterior and posterior interclinoid ligaments\u2014AICLL and PICLL) may impede the approaches to the sella.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>This study highlights the incidence of the ossified ECRLs and ICRLs location, their type (partial, or complete), considering laterality, gender, age, and ligaments\u2019 simultaneous presence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The sample consisted of 156 Greek adult dried skulls of both genders and variable age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ossified ligaments were identified in 57.05%, predominantly extracranially (42.31%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). ECRLs were predominantly identified unilaterally (30.13%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The majority of the ossified ICRLs were predominantly identified in male skulls (31.1%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048) and the majority of the ECRLs (52.8%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028) were predominantly identified at the age of 60\u00a0years and above. The PTAL was the most ossified (32.69%), followed by the CCLL (24.36%), the PTSL (16.03%), the PICLL (6.41%), and the AICLL (4.49%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Detailed knowledge of the SB morphology and ligaments\u2019 ossification extent is essential to improve the technique of the FO percutaneous approach, and sellar approaches, to minimize complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-023-03226-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T19:02:11Z","timestamp":1691434931000},"page":"1405-1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A morphological study on the sphenoid bone ligaments\u2019 ossification pattern"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Piagkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliki","family":"Fiska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tsakotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinus","family":"Politis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Koutserimpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Skrzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Olewnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Zielinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Tousia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kostares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trifon","family":"Totlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Al Nasraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Karampelias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Tsiouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Natsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3226_CR1","volume-title":"Die pterygospin\u00f6sen strukturen beim menschen und anderen primaten","author":"M Al-Khatib","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Khatib M (2006) Die pterygospin\u00f6sen strukturen beim menschen und anderen primaten. Institut f\u00fcr Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg"},{"key":"3226_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2007.05.009","volume":"36","author":"M Antonopoulou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Antonopoulou M, Piagou M, Anagnostopoulou S (2008) An anatomical study of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar bars and foramina \u2013 their clinical relevance. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 36:104\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2007.05.009","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0582-z","volume":"32","author":"R Archana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Archana R, Anita R, Jyoti C, Punita M, Rakesh D (2009) Incidence of osseous interclinoid bars in Indian population. Surg Radiol Anat 32:383\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-009-0582-z","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3199","volume":"32","author":"H Asahara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asahara H, Inui M, Lotz MK (2017) Tendons and ligaments: connecting developmental biology to musculoskeletal disease pathogenesis. JBMR 32:1773\u20131782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.3199","journal-title":"JBMR"},{"key":"3226_CR5","first-page":"9","volume":"25\u201326","author":"RA Azeredo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Azeredo RA, Liberti EA, Watanabe IS (1989) Anatomical variations of the clinoid process of the human sphenoid bone. Arq Cent Estud Curso Odontol 25\u201326:9\u201311","journal-title":"Arq Cent Estud Curso Odontol"},{"key":"3226_CR6","volume-title":"Anatomy of the infant head","author":"JF Bosma","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bosma JF (1986) Anatomy of the infant head, 1st edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore","edition":"1"},{"key":"3226_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/wnq.0b013e31820f1929","volume":"21","author":"N Boyan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boyan N, Ozsahin E, Kizilkanat E, Tekdemir I, Soames R, Oguz O (2011) Surgical importance of the morphometry of the anterior clinoid process, optic strut, caroticoclinoid foramen, and interclinoid Osseous Bridge. Neurosurg Q 21:133\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wnq.0b013e31820f1929","journal-title":"Neurosurg Q"},{"key":"3226_CR8","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"K Chakravarthi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chakravarthi K, Babu SK (2012) An anatomical study of the pterygoalar bar and porus crotaphitico buccinatorius. Int J Health Sci 1:3\u20139","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"3226_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330040215","volume":"4","author":"KS Chouke","year":"1946","unstructured":"Chouke KS (1946) On the incidence of the foramen of civinini and the porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius in American Whites and Negroes. I. Observations on 1544 Skulls. Am J Phys Anthropol 4:203\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330040215","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3226_CR10","first-page":"180","volume":"65","author":"KS Chouke","year":"1951","unstructured":"Chouke KS, Hodes PJ (1951) The pterygoalar bar and its recognition by Roentgen methods in trigeminal neuralgia. Am J Roentgenol 65:180\u2013182","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"3226_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2022.100224","volume":"29","author":"E Clarke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clarke E, Golberg M, Sm\u0119dra A, Mazur M, Mazurek A, Balawender K, Barszcz K, \u017bytkowski A (2022) Bilateral caroticoclinoid foramen and unilateral abducens nerve canal found on the fetal skull \u2013 Case report. Transl Res Anat 29:100224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tria.2022.100224","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR12","first-page":"477","volume":"45","author":"HI Deda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Deda HI, Tekdemir A, Kaplan HZ, G\u00f6kalp (1992) Sinus cavernosus mikro anatomisi (b\u00f6l\u00fcm 1) kemik yaplar ve varyasyonlar. J Fac Med Univ Ankara 45:477\u2013486","journal-title":"J Fac Med Univ Ankara"},{"key":"3226_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_276_17","volume":"10","author":"S Divya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Divya S, Urala A, Gl P, Pentapati K (2018) Sella turcica bridging a diagnostic marker for impacted canines and supernumerary teeth. J Int Oral Health 10:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jioh.jioh_276_17","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"3226_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.5.0667","volume":"62","author":"VV Dolenc","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dolenc VV (1985) A combined epi- and subdural direct approach to carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg 62:667\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1985.62.5.0667","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.1.jns18899","volume":"132","author":"A Elnashar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elnashar A, Patel SK, Kurbanov A, Zvereva K, Keller JT, Grande AW (2020) Comprehensive anatomy of the foramen ovale critical to percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy: cadaveric study of dry skulls. J Neurosurg 132:1414\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.1.jns18899","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-021-01292-5","volume":"40","author":"T Endo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endo T, Takahata M, Koike Y, Fujita R, Suzuki R, Hisada Y, Hasegawa Y, Suzuki H, Yamada K, Iwata A, Sudo H, Yoneoka D, Iwasaki N (2022) Association between obesity and ossification of spinal ligaments in 622 asymptomatic subjects: a cross-sectional study. J Bone Miner Metab 40:337\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00774-021-01292-5","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"3226_CR17","first-page":"207","volume":"44","author":"E Fawcett","year":"1910","unstructured":"Fawcett E (1910) Notes on the development of the human sphenoid. J Anat Physiol 44:207\u2013222","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"3226_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ons233","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0b013e3182690b6b","volume":"71","author":"JC Fernandez-Miranda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fernandez-Miranda JC, Tormenti M, Latorre F, Gardner P, Snyderman C (2012) Endoscopic endonasal middle clinoidectomy. Oper Neurosurg 71:ons233\u2013ons239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/neu.0b013e3182690b6b","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.12.002","volume":"40","author":"SV Furtado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furtado SV, Thakar S, Hegde AS (2012) The use of image guidance in avoiding vascular injury during trans-sphenoidal access and decompression of recurrent pituitary adenomas. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 40:680\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.12.002","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400917751036","volume":"31","author":"D Gibelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gibelli D, Cellina M, Gibelli S, Panzeri M, Oliva AG, Termine G, Sforza C (2018) Sella turcica bridging and ossified carotico-clinoid ligament: correlation with sex and age. Neuroradiol J 31:299\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1971400917751036","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"3226_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-016-1639-4","volume":"38","author":"N Goyal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goyal N, Jain A (2016) An anatomical study of the pterygospinous bar and foramen of Civinini. Surg Radiol Anat 38:931\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-016-1639-4","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02305-9","volume":"42","author":"BM Henry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henry BM, P\u0119kala PA, Fr\u0105czek PA, P\u0119kala JR, Natsis K, Piagkou M, Tomaszewski KA, Tomaszewska IM (2019) Prevalence, morphology, and morphometry of the pterygospinous bar: a meta-analysis. Surg Radiol Anat 42:497\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-019-02305-9","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199006000-00001","author":"T Inoue","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inoue T, Rhoton AL, Theele D, Barry ME (1990) Surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus. Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-199006000-00001","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151466","volume":"229","author":"J Iwanaga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iwanaga J, Clifton W, Dallapiazza RF, Miyamoto Y, Komune N, Gremillion HA, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS (2020) The pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments and their relationship to the mandibular nerve: application to a better understanding of various forms of trigeminal neuralgia. Ann Anat 229:151466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151466","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01715-x","volume":"45","author":"J Iwanaga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iwanaga J, Patra A, Ravi KS, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS (2022) Anatomical relationship between the foramen ovale and the lateral plate of the pterygoid process: application to percutaneous treatments of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurg Rev 45:2193\u20132199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-021-01715-x","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"3226_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0147-7","volume":"79","author":"T Iwasawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iwasawa T, Iwasaki K, Sawada T, Okada A, Ueyama K, Motomura S, Harata S, Inoue I, Toh S, Furukawa K-I (2006) Pathophysiological role of endothelin in ectopic ossification of human spinal ligaments induced by mechanical stress. Calcif Tissue Int 79:422\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-006-0147-7","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"3226_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1935.00840040026002","volume":"13","author":"JE Keyes","year":"1935","unstructured":"Keyes JE (1935) Observations on four thousand optic foramina in human skulls of known origin. Arch Ophthalmol 13(4):538\u2013568","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3226_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.7439\/ijbr.v5i9.760","volume":"5","author":"US Krupanidhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krupanidhi US, Mallikarjun M, Phaniraj S, Jayaprakash BR (2014) A study on bilateral ossified pterygospinous ligament and its clinical significance. Int J Biomed Res 5(9):563\u2013565","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Res"},{"key":"3226_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(68)90262-4","volume":"26","author":"FH Lepp","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lepp FH, Sandner MO (1968) Anatomic-radiographic study of ossified pterygospinous and \u201cinnominate\u201d ligaments. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 26:244\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-4220(68)90262-4","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"3226_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1009-2","volume":"153","author":"MH-C Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin MH-C, Lee M-H, Wang T-C, Cheng Y-K, Su C-H, Chang C-M, Yang J-T (2011) Foramen ovale cannulation guided by intra-operative computed tomography with integrated neuronavigation for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Neurochir 153:1593\u20131599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-011-1009-2","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"3226_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1024619","author":"H Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu H, Xu L, Zhao W (2023) Puncture approaches and guidance techniques of radiofrequency thermocoagulation through foramen Ovale for primary trigeminal neuralgia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1024619","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.jns182709","volume":"132","author":"T Matys","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matys T, Ali T, Zaccagna F, Barone DG, Kirollos RW, Massoud TF (2020) Ossification of the pterygoalar and pterygospinous ligaments: a computed tomography analysis of infratemporal fossa anatomical variants relevant to percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 132:1942\u20131951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.2.jns182709","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.01.008","volume":"46","author":"K Natsis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Natsis K, Piagkou M, Lazaridis N, Totlis T, Anastasopoulos N, Constantinidis J (2018) Incidence and morphometry of sellar bridges and related foramina in dry skulls: their significance in middle cranial fossa surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 46:635\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.01.008","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.10.003","volume":"42","author":"K Natsis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Natsis K, Piagkou M, Skotsimara G, Totlis T, Apostolidis S, Panagiotopoulos N-A, Skandalakis P (2014) The ossified pterygoalar ligament: an anatomical study with pathological and surgical implications. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 42:e266\u2013e270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.10.003","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20320","volume":"20","author":"K Natsis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Natsis K, Tsikaras P, Totlis T, Gigis I, Skandalakis P, Appell HJ, Koebke J (2007) Correlation between the four types of acromion and the existence of enthesophytes: a study on 423 dried scapulas and review of the literature. Clin Anat 20:267\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.20320","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1243802","volume":"49","author":"A Neve","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neve A, Maruotti N, Corrado A, Cantatore FP (2016) Pathogenesis of ligaments ossification in spondyloarthritis: insights and doubts. Ann Med 49:196\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2016.1243802","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"3226_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040492","volume":"12","author":"S Nikolova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikolova S, Toneva D, Zlatareva D, Fileva N (2023) Osseous bridges of the sphenoid bone: frequency, bilateral and sex. Distrib Biol 12:492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12040492","journal-title":"Distrib Biol"},{"key":"3226_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/000456320103800510","volume":"38","author":"T Osakabe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Osakabe T, Hayashi M, Hasegawa K, Okuaki T, Ritty TM, Mecham RP, Wachi H, Seyama Y (2001) Age- and gender-related changes in ligament components. Ann Clin Biochem 38:527\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000456320103800510","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"3226_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2014.12.014","volume":"83","author":"N Ota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ota N, Tanikawa R, Miyazaki T, Miyata S, Oda J, Noda K, Tsuboi T, Takeda R, Kamiyama H, Tokuda S (2015) Surgical microanatomy of the anterior clinoid process for paraclinoid aneurysm surgery and efficient modification of extradural anterior clinoidectomy. World Neurosurg 83:635\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2014.12.014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-003-0111-4","volume":"25","author":"\u00d6 \u00d6zdo\u011fmu\u015f","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u00d6zdo\u011fmu\u015f \u00d6, Saka E, Tulay C, G\u00fcrdal E, \u00dcz\u00fcn I, \u00c7avdar S (2003) The anatomy of the carotico-clinoid foramen and its relation with the internal carotid artery. Surg Radiol Anat 25:241\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-003-0111-4","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"2","key":"3226_CR41","first-page":"161","volume":"50","author":"VVK Patnaik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Patnaik VVK, Singla RK, Bala S (2001) Bilateral pterygoalar bar and porus crotaphiticobuccinatorius-a case report. J Anat Soc India 50(2):161\u2013162","journal-title":"J Anat Soc India"},{"key":"3226_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.06.019","volume":"45","author":"PA P\u0119kala","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u0119kala PA, Henry BM, P\u0119kala JR, Fr\u0105czek PA, Taterra D, Natsis K, Piagkou M, Skrzat J, Tomaszewska IM (2017) The pterygoalar bar: a meta-analysis of its prevalence, morphology and morphometry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 45:1535\u20131541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.06.019","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1076\/ejom.40.3.171.16686","volume":"40","author":"T Peker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peker T, Karakose M, Anil A, Turgut HB, Gulekon N (2002) The incidence of basal sphenoid bony bridges in dried crania and cadavers: their anthropological and clinical relevance. Eur J Morphol 40:171\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/ejom.40.3.171.16686","journal-title":"Eur J Morphol"},{"key":"3226_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.jns12743","volume":"119","author":"M Peris-Celda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peris-Celda M, Graziano F, Russo V, Mericle RA, Ulm AJ (2013) Foramen ovale puncture, lesioning accuracy, and avoiding complications: microsurgical anatomy study with clinical implications. J Neurosurg 119:1176\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.1.jns12743","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1048","volume":"14","author":"ET Peuker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peuker ET, Fischer G, Filler TJ (2001) Entrapment of the lingual nerve due to an ossified pterygospinous ligament. Clin Anat 14:282\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.1048","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"3226_CR46","first-page":"63","volume":"23","author":"RR Rosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosa RR, Faig-Leite H, Faig-Leite FS, Moraes LC, Moraes MEL, Filho EM (2010) Radiographic study of ossification of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments by the Hirtz axial technique. Acta Odontol Latinoam 23(1):63\u201367","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam"},{"key":"3226_CR47","unstructured":"Rossi AC, Freire AR, Manoel C, Prado FB, Botacin PR, Caria PHF (2017) Incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament in Brazilian human skulls and its clinical implications. J Morphol Sci 28(1): 0\u20130."},{"key":"3226_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2016.49.2.143","volume":"49","author":"S-J Ryu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ryu S-J, Park M-K, Lee U-Y, Kwak H-H (2016) Incidence of pterygospinous and pterygoalar bridges in dried skulls of Koreans. Anat Cell Biol 49:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5115\/acb.2016.49.2.143","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"3226_CR49","first-page":"148","volume":"3","author":"IS Sanobar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanobar IS, Rahul KU, Deepak NK, Chhaya VD (2012) Study of carotico-clinoid foramen in dry human skulls of Aurangabad district. IJBMS 3:148\u2013154","journal-title":"IJBMS"},{"key":"3226_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.2.jns162114","volume":"129","author":"A Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma A, Rieth GE, Tanenbaum JE, Williams JS, Ota N, Chakravarthi S, Manjila S, Kassam A, Yapicilar B (2018) A morphometric survey of the parasellar region in more than 2700 skulls: emphasis on the middle clinoid process variants and implications in endoscopic and microsurgical approaches. J Neurosurg 129:60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.2.jns162114","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"097","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698602","volume":"08","author":"AK Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh AK, Niranjan R (2019) Study of pterygospinous and pterygoalar bars in relation to foramen ovale in dry human skulls. Natl J Clin Anat 08:097\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1698602","journal-title":"Natl J Clin Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.017","volume":"124","author":"GP Skandalakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skandalakis GP, Koutsarnakis C, Pantazis N, Kalyvas A, Komaitis S, Lani E, Drosos E, Kalamatianos T, Hadjipanayis CG, Natsis K, Stranjalis G, Piagkou M (2019) Caroticoclinoid bar: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence and potential implications in cerebrovascular and skull base surgery. World Neurosurg 124:267\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3226_CR53","first-page":"92","volume":"64","author":"J Skrzat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skrzat J, Walocha J, \u015arodek R (2005) An anatomical study of the pterygoalar bar and the pterygoalar foramen. Folia Morphol 64(2):92\u201396","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3226_CR54","first-page":"87","volume":"57","author":"J Skrzat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skrzat J, Zamojska I, Spulber A, Zarzecki M, Walocha J (2017) Ossification of the petrosphenoid ligament: a case study. Folia Med Crac 57(2):87\u201394","journal-title":"Folia Med Crac"},{"key":"3226_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0740-8","author":"P Touska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Touska P, Hasso S, Oztek A, Chinaka F, Connor SEJ (2019) Skull base ligamentous mineralisation: evaluation using computed tomography and a review of the clinical relevance. Insights Imaging. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-019-0740-8","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"3226_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ons60","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000345952.64041.9c","volume":"65","author":"RS Tubbs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, May WR, Apaydin N, Shoja MM, Shokouhi G, Loukas M, Cohen-Gadol AA (2009) Ossification of ligaments near the foramen ovale. Oper Neurosurg 65:ons60\u2013ons64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000345952.64041.9c","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"78","author":"H Vinkka","year":"1982","unstructured":"Vinkka H (1982) Secondary cartilages in the facial skeleton of the rat. Proc Finn Dent Soc 78:1","journal-title":"Proc Finn Dent Soc"},{"key":"3226_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-006-0078-z","volume":"28","author":"M von L\u00fcdinghausen","year":"2006","unstructured":"von L\u00fcdinghausen M, Kageyama I, Miura M, AlKhatib M (2006) Morphological peculiarities of the deep infratemporal fossa in advanced age. Surg Radiol Anat 28:284\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-006-0078-z","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"3226_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000169","volume":"22","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Cheng M, Su X, Li K, Wang G, Gao Y, Du C, Tian Y (2022) Identifying a novel critical access difficulty factor in percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia: pterygoid process ridge. Oper Neurosurg 22:440\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/ons.0000000000000169","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000590","volume":"24","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, El Ahmadieh TY, Nunez MA, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Cohen-Gadol AA, Mao Y (2023) Refining the anatomy of percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy: a cadaveric, radiological, and surgical study. Oper Neurosurg 24:341\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/ons.0000000000000590","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"3226_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.01.016","volume":"41","author":"H Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu H, Shen SG, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhang S (2013) The indication and application of computer-assisted navigation in oral and maxillofacial surgery\u2014Shanghai\u2019s experience based on 104 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 41:770\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.01.016","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000003138","volume":"27","author":"MJ Zdilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zdilla MJ, Hatfield SA, Mangus KR (2016) Angular relationship between the foramen ovale and the trigeminal impression. J Craniofac Surg 27:2177\u20132180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000003138","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"3226_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15240","volume":"24","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zhou D, Wang H, Tan J (2020) Heterotopic ossification of tendon and ligament. J Cell Mol Med 24:5428\u20135437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.15240","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"3226_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715470","volume":"82","author":"X Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao X, Labib MA, Avci E, Preul MC, Baskaya MK, Little AS, Nakaji P (2020) Navigating a carotico-clinoid foramen and an interclinoidal bridge in the endonasal endoscopic approach: an anatomical and technical note. J Neurol Surg B: Skull Base 82:534\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1715470","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B: Skull Base"},{"key":"3226_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2022.100186","volume":"27","author":"A \u017bytkowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u017bytkowski A, Skrzat J, Mazurek A, Majos A, Radek M, G\u0142adysz T, Clarke E, Wysiadecki G (2022) Clinical relevance of the caroticoclinoid foramen \u2013 a case report and concise literature review. Transl Res Anat 27:100186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tria.2022.100186","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"}],"container-title":["Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00276-023-03226-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00276-023-03226-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00276-023-03226-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T11:04:47Z","timestamp":1697713487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00276-023-03226-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-023-03226-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1279-8517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1279-8517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the authors gave consent for the publication of the report.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"As this is a case series that is completely on cadavers, no ethical clearance was required as cadavers are used for teaching and research purpose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}