{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:12:10Z","timestamp":1790125930743,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004375","name":"Tel Aviv University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Radiol Anat"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distal biceps tendon repair is a common procedure with a risk of iatrogenic nerve injury, including the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN). This study aimed to define the anatomical relationship of the PIN to key elbow landmarks, particularly the radial tuberosity, and to identify safe zones for retractor placement during surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine fresh cadaveric upper extremities were dissected by a fellowship-trained shoulder and elbow surgeon. Measurements included the bifurcation point of the radial nerve into the PIN and superficial radial nerve. We measured the PIN\u2019s distance from the radiocapitellar joint (RCJ) and its relation to the radial tuberosity in both pronation and supination. The safe positioning of retractors relative to the radial tuberosity was also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The radial nerve bifurcated approximately 5\u2009\u00b1\u20093\u00a0mm proximal to the RCJ. The PIN entered the supinator (Arcade of Frohse) at 22\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00a0mm distal to the RCJ. It was located a mean of 13\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0mm from the radial border of the radial tuberosity in pronation and 19\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0mm in supination. In all specimens, the PIN distal to the arcade was surrounded by muscle, with no direct contact with bone. Safe retractor placement was ulnar to the tuberosity proximally and radial distally in supination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supination increases the separation between the PIN and the tuberosity by ~\u20095\u00a0mm, supporting ulnar proximal and radial distal retractor placement (narrow right-angled\/Langenbeck) to reduce iatrogenic injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IV (Anatomical cadaveric study).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03728-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T16:51:46Z","timestamp":1759769506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomical considerations for safe retractor placement in distal biceps repair: a cadaveric study of the posterior interosseous nerve"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Feras","family":"Qawasmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Shweiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Grindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Yassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3728_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03425-w","author":"S Abdullah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdullah S, Azhar MS, Mokhtar SA, Hua LC, Fan ESZ, Maktar JF et al (2025) Anatomical validation of the sonographic detection of small nervous structures. 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The authors have no conflicts of interest concerning the authorship and publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted on cadaveric specimens, and as such, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"223"}}