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CCS was determined as two standard deviations below the mean of the collected measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Irrespective of vertebral level, mean anatomic APD, CIFD and IPD measurements were as follows: 14.94\u2009\u00b1\u20091.99\u00a0mm for APD, 6.58\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45\u00a0mm and 6.68\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45\u00a0mm for left and right widths, of 9.30\u2009\u00b1\u20092.30\u00a0mm and 9.25\u2009\u00b1\u20092.80\u00a0mm for left and right heights, 57.0\u2009\u00b1\u200919.2 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 59.5\u2009\u00b1\u200920.3 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      for left and right areas, and 25.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.78\u00a0mm for IPD. Irrespective of vertebral level, threshold values for CCS were 10.96\u00a0mm for APD, 3.68\u00a0mm and 3.78\u00a0mm for left and right widths, of 4.70\u00a0mm and 3.65\u00a0mm for left and right heights, 20.6 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 19 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      for left and right areas, and 21.8\u00a0mm for IPD. Males demonstrated larger CCS threshold values than females for left and right CIFD area and APD. African American patients had smaller CIFDs and APD, and subsequent CCS thresholds compared to White patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reports measurements of CIFD, IPD, and APD to establish quantitative thresholds for diagnosis of CCS. CCS thresholds were significantly influenced by patient sex, race, and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03797-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:35:55Z","timestamp":1767638155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomic parameters for diagnosing congenital cervical stenosis via computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandler","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carson","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Razzouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha M.","family":"Taka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon","family":"Harianja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahe","family":"Yacoubian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abd-El-Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Wycliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olumide","family":"Danisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3797_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-023-09857-9","volume":"16","author":"AM Goodwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goodwin AM, Hsu WK (2023) Congenital cervical stenosis: a review of the current literature. 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