{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:49:30Z","timestamp":1791600570129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surg Radiol Anat"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The deltopectoral splitting approach is commonly used in shoulder surgery; however, injury to the axillary nerve remains a major concern due to potential motor and sensory deficits. This study aimed to define the anatomical relationships of the axillary nerve to surrounding structures in order to optimize surgical access and minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty formalin-fixed cadavers (15 males, 15 females) were dissected. Quantitative measurements were obtained to determine the position of the axillary nerve relative to the deltopectoral interval and deltoid muscle. Descriptive statistics, reported as means\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviations (SD), were calculated, and independent t-tests were used to evaluate differences based on sex and laterality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sex-specific differences were observed in axillary nerve positioning. The superior safe zone, measured from the acromion to the anterior branch of the axillary nerve, averaged 65.31\u2009\u00b1\u200910.82\u00a0mm in females and 71.18\u2009\u00b1\u20099.72\u00a0mm in males. The distance from the anterior border to the anterior branch was 48.72\u2009\u00b1\u200910.89\u00a0mm in both sexes. In contrast, the posterior branch measured 21.45\u2009\u00b1\u20099.25\u00a0mm in females and 33.03\u2009\u00b1\u200922.74\u00a0mm in males. No significant differences were observed between left and right shoulders (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.11).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The deltopectoral approach provides reliable access to the glenohumeral joint while minimizing axillary nerve injury when anatomical variations are considered. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific morphometric considerations and support the integration of population-specific anatomical data into surgical planning to enhance safety and optimize clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-026-04018-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:19:33Z","timestamp":1791551973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphometric analysis of the axillary nerve in relation to the deltopectoral and deltoid-splitting approaches: implications for surgical safe zones"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8093-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bronwyn","family":"Lottino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jade","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4499-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nkhensani","family":"Mogale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4018_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-023-03168-x","volume":"45","author":"L Beytell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beytell L, Mennen E, Van Schoor AN, Keough N (2023) The surgical anatomy of the axillary approach for nerve transfer procedures targeting the axillary nerve. 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