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As bacterial resistances are increasing worldwide and new research reshapes our understanding of the interactions between the human host and bacterial commensals, administration of antibacterial prophylaxis has become a matter of discussion. This guideline constitutes an update of the 2013 published guideline of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). It gives an overview about current strategies for antibacterial prophylaxis in cancer patients while taking into account the impact of antibacterial prophylaxis on the human microbiome and resistance development. Current literature published from January 2012 to August 2020 was searched and evidence-based recommendations were developed by an expert panel. All recommendations were discussed and approved in a consensus conference of the AGIHO prior to publication. As a result, we present a comprehensive update and extension of our guideline for antibacterial and PcP prophylaxis in cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04452-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T02:02:51Z","timestamp":1618279371000},"page":"1603-1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors: 2020 updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO\/DGHO)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Annika Y.","family":"Classen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Henze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"von Lilienfeld-Toal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Maschmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sandherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Dur\u00e1n","family":"Graeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nael","family":"Alakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Christopeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan W.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Penack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Wei\u00dfinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Heinrich","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5446-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg Janne","family":"Vehreschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4452_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21847","volume":"106","author":"NM Kuderer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, Cosler LE, Lyman GH (2006) Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients. 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Classen, Larissa Henze, Luisa Dur\u00e1n Graeff, Karin Mayer, Silke Neumann, Stefan Krause, Hans-Heinrich Wolf, and Florian Wei\u00dfinger declare that they have no conflict of interest.Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal has received travel grants and honoraria from Celgene, Gilead, Chugai, Janssen, Novartis, Amgen, Takeda, BMS, Medac, Oncopeptides, Merck, CDDF, and Pfizer; is a consultant for Celgene, Gilead, Oncopeptides, MSD, 4DPharma, Janssen, and Shionogi; and received research funding from BMBF, Deutsche Jose Carreras Leuk\u00e4mie-Stiftung, IZKF Jena, DFG, Novartis, Gilead, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Celgene, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Georg Maschmeyer received honoraria for lectures from Amgen, Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck-Serono, and Janssen-Cilag.Michael Sandherr received honoraria for lectures from Roche and BMS.Nael Alakel received honoraria for lectures from Basilea Pharmaceutica and honoraria for advice from Gilead, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Pfizer, and Amgen.Maximilian Christopeit reports personal fees from Merck\/MSD, GILEAD, Basilea, IQONE, and Shionogi; non-financial support and other from Robert-Koch-Institut during the conduct of the study; other from Celgene, Neovii, and Eurocept; and personal fees from JAZZ, outside the submitted work.Olaf Penack has received honoraria and travel support from Astellas, Gilead, Jazz, MSD, Neovii Biotech, Pfizer, and Therakos. He has received research support from Bio Rad, Gilead, Incyte, Jazz, Neovii Biotech, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, and Takeda. He is member of the advisory board to Jazz, Gilead, MSD, Omeros, Shionogi, and SOBI.Oliver A. Cornely is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education, is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2013 CECAD, EXC 2030 \u2013 390661388 and has received research grants from Actelion, Amplyx, Astellas, Basilea, Cidara, Da Volterra, F2G, Gilead, Janssen, Medicines Company, Melinta, Merck\/MSD, Octapharma, Pfizer, and Scynexis; is a consultant to Actelion, Allecra, Amplyx, Astellas, Basilea, Biosys, Cidara, Da Volterra, Entasis, F2G, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Merck\/MSD, Mylan, Nabriva, Noxxon, Octapharma, Paratek, Pfizer, PSI, Roche Diagnostics, Scynexis, and Shionogi; and received lecture honoraria from Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Basilea, Gilead, Grupo Biotoscana, Merck\/MSD, and Pfizer.Janne Vehreschild has received personal fees from Merck\/MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Freiburg\/Congress and Communication, Academy for Infectious Medicine, University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), \u00c4rztekammer Nordrhein, University Hospital Aachen, Back Bay Strategies, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM) and grants from Merck\/MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), (PJ-T: DLR), University of Bristol, and Rigshospitalet Copenhagen.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}