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The study aimed to identify maternal factors associated with iron deficiency (ID) in early pregnancy in non-anaemic pregnant women from a European Mediterranean country. Cross-sectional study using the initial population of the ECLIPSES study performed in non-anaemic pregnant women before gestational week 12. Serum ferritin (SF) and haemoglobin concentrations were measured to evaluate iron status, and ID was defined as SF\u2009&lt;\u200915\u00a0\u00b5g\/L. Several sociodemographic and lifestyle data were recorded and used as covariates in the multivariate-adjusted regression models. Out of the 791 participants, 13.9% had ID in early pregnancy. Underweight (OR 3.70, 95%CI 1.22, 15.53) and parity (1 child: OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.06, 3.88;\u2009\u2265\u20092 children: OR 6.96, 95%CI 3.09, 15.69) increased the odds of ID, while a high intake of total meat (\u2265\u2009108.57\u00a0g\/day: OR 0.37, 95%CI 0.15, 0.87), red\/processed meat (\u2265\u200974.29\u00a0g\/day: OR 0.70, 95%CI 0.35, 0.98), protein (\u2265\u200965.05\u00a0g\/day: OR 0.85, 95%CI 0.30, 0.99), and dietary iron (\u2265\u20098.58\u00a0mg\/day: OR 0.58, 95%CI 0.35, 0.94) protected against it. Smoking was also associated with a reduction in ID odds (OR 0.34, 95%CI 0.12, 0.99). Baseline BMI, parity, smoking, and diet are associated with ID in early pregnancy in non-anaemic women. Pregnancy planning policies should focus on women at higher risk of ID, such as those who are underweight, multiparous, or following vegetarian diets. This clinical trial was registered at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\">www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu<\/jats:ext-link> as EudraCT number 2012\u2013005,480-28 and at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> with identification number NCT03196882.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05123-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T21:08:21Z","timestamp":1677013701000},"page":"741-748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Maternal factors associated with iron deficiency without anaemia in early pregnancy: ECLIPSES study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Iglesias-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4481-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-055X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Coronel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida Henriette","family":"Caspersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0278-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Basora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Arija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). 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All procedures involving human subjects were approved by Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Jordi Gol University Institute for Primary Care Research (Institut d\u2019 Investigaci\u00f3 en Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria; IDIAP), the Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili; IISPV), and of the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (Agencia Espa\u00f1ola del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios; AEMPS).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all women participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}