{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:06:57Z","timestamp":1773810417899,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Hematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, subacute demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the JCV. In immunosuppressed hosts, PML is caused by reactivation of a latent infection rather than primary exposure. Hematological patients, particularly post-transplant, presenting with worsening neurological symptoms should promptly consider PML in the differential diagnosis. The rarity of PML after autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and the absence of a universally effective therapy represents a clinical challenge. Here, we present two cases of PML developed after autologous and allogeneic HSCT, with completely different outcomes dependent on the patients\u2019 clinical backgrounds and the level of immune system competence which is the key factor in determining either the onset or viral clearance of the infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-025-06258-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T21:43:43Z","timestamp":1746395023000},"page":"3505-3510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of the immune system in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a comparative analysis of two cases following autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Biancamaria","family":"Mandelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Mazzarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Corbingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elettra Ortu La","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fanciullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Lorenzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Pacitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Cenfra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mecarocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Asioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pulsoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"6258_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Major EO, Yousry TA, Clifford DB (May 2018) Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and risks associated with treatments for multiple sclerosis: a decade of lessons learned. Lancet Neurol 17(5):467\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-"},{"key":"6258_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diamantopoulos PT et al (2022) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the context of newer therapies in hematology and review of new treatment strategies. Eur J Haematol May 108(5):359\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejh.13751","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13751"},{"key":"6258_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cortese I, Reich DS, Nath A Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease. Jan 01 2021 Nat Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y"},{"key":"6258_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dunham SR, Schmidt R, Clifford DB (2020) Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Using Immune Restoration, Neurotherapeutics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 955\u2013965, Jul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-020-00848-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00848-z"},{"key":"6258_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gheuens S et al (2011) Role of CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD8\u2009+\u2009T-Cell Responses against JC Virus in the Outcome of Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) and PML with Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome, J Virol, vol. 85, no. 14, pp. 7256\u20137263, Jul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.02506-10","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02506-10"},{"key":"6258_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26020","volume":"89","author":"G Berzero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berzero G, Basso S, Stoppini L, Palermo A, Pichiecchio A, Paoletti M, Lucev F, Gerevini S, Rossi A, Vegezzi E, Diamanti L, Bini P, Gastaldi M, Delbue S, Perotti C, Seminari E, Faraci M, Luppi M, Baldanti F, Zecca M, Marchioni E, Comoli P (2021) Adoptive transfer of JC Virus-Specific T Lymphocytes for the Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 89:769\u2013777","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00277-025-06258-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00277-025-06258-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00277-025-06258-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T13:02:39Z","timestamp":1757163759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00277-025-06258-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-025-06258-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-5555","1432-0584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-5555","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}