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However, their impact on overall survival (OS) and healthcare spending remains uncertain. We performed a comprehensive retrospective observational study on patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009684), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009899) and myelofibrosis (MF,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009276) diagnosed between 2009 and 2023 in a large hospital district in Southern Finland. During this 15-year period, the median age increased across all cohorts. OS remained unchanged after adjusting for age, comorbidity index and risk score in AML (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.59\u20131.02), MDS (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81\u20131.31), and MF (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.45\u20131.08). However, progression-free survival (PFS) improved among AML patients. For subgroup analyses, OS and PFS improved in AML receiving high-dose chemotherapy, mostly due to better stratification to fit and unfit treatment regimens. In MDS and MF cohorts, no OS benefit was observed in any subgroup. Hospitalization and drug expenses were the primary components in all cohorts and increased notably in AML and MF patients due to novel treatments. Advances in clinical care and adoption of novel agents show limited benefit but have gradually increased their financial burden. Future research should prioritize less toxic, outpatient-based treatments to enhance outcome and cost-effectiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-026-06863-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:32:29Z","timestamp":1770352349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel therapies in myeloid neoplasms show limited benefit and increased costs over 15 years of follow-up in Southern Finland"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theerin","family":"Lanamtieng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mervaala-Muroke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Toivanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimmo","family":"Porkka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Br\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_438662","volume":"44","author":"Y Abaza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abaza Y, McMahon C, Garcia JS (2024) Advancements and challenges in the treatment of AML. 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However, individuals have the right to prohibit the use of their data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate\u00a0and Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and to European and national data privacy regulations. The use of clinical data was approved by the institutional research board (study permit HUS\/179\/2024).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants"}},{"value":"OB declares research funding (Pfizer and Gilead Sciences), consultancy fees (AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sanofi, Astellas Pharma, GSK, and Amgen), and stock ownership (Cellbytes Ltd). KP reports research funding (AbbVie, BMS\/Celgene, Incyte, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche), stock ownership (Cellbytes Ltd). For the remaining authors, no relevant con\ufb02icts of interest were declared.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"94"}}