{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:22:48Z","timestamp":1791238968995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]],"date-time":"2010-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272412800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-010-0205-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,27]],"date-time":"2010-04-27T13:18:22Z","timestamp":1272374302000},"page":"9-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Immunopathology of the human pancreas in type-I diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Willcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian J.","family":"Bone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel G.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan K.","family":"Foulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"205_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262007","volume":"20","author":"AH Barnett","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RD, Pyke DA (1981) Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 20:87\u201393","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610070403","volume":"7","author":"SS Lo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lo SS, Tun RY, Hawa M, Leslie RD (1991) Studies of diabetic twins. Diabetes Metab Rev 7:223\u2013238","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Rev"},{"key":"205_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051626","volume":"44","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Yu L, Hawa M et al (2001) Heterogeneity of type I diabetes: analysis of monozygotic twins in Great Britain and the United States. Diabetologia 44:354\u2013362","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S125","volume":"54","author":"M Knip","year":"2005","unstructured":"Knip M, Veijola R, Virtanen SM, Hyoty H, Vaarala O, Akerblom HK (2005) Environmental triggers and determinants of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 54(Suppl 2):S125\u2013136","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR5","unstructured":"Lally F, Bone AJ (2003) Animal models of type 1 diabetes. Blackwell Science Ltd"},{"key":"205_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.14.10.619","volume":"14","author":"W Gepts","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gepts W (1965) Pathologic anatomy of the pancreas in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 14:619\u2013633","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00452061","volume":"29","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Foulis AK, Liddle CN, Farquharson MA, Richmond JA, Weir RS (1986) The histopathology of the pancreas in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a 25-year review of deaths in patients under 20\u00a0years of age in the United Kingdom. Diabetologia 29:267\u2013274","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262221","volume":"26","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Foulis AK, Stewart JA (1984) The pancreas in recent-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: insulin content of islets, insulitis and associated changes in the exocrine acinar tissue. Diabetologia 26:456\u2013461","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.27.1.S251","volume":"27","author":"W Gepts","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gepts W, De Mey J (1978) Islet cell survival determined by morphology. An immunocytochemical study of the islets of Langerhans in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 27(Suppl 1):251\u2013261","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR10","first-page":"151","volume":"65","author":"PA Fraser","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fraser PA, Henderson JR (1980) The arrangement of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic microcirculation observed in the living rabbit. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 65:151\u2013158","journal-title":"Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci"},{"key":"205_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01920164","volume":"33","author":"GR Greenberg","year":"1977","unstructured":"Greenberg GR, Mitznegg P, Bloom SR (1977) Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on DNA-synthesis in the pancreas. Experientia 33:1332\u20131333","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"205_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.2.158","volume":"22","author":"JR Henderson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Henderson JR, Daniel PM, Fraser PA (1981) The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland. Gut 22:158\u2013167","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"205_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.6.3.248","volume":"6","author":"JM Salter","year":"1957","unstructured":"Salter JM, Davidson IW, Best CH (1957) The pathologic effects of large amounts of glucagon. Diabetes 6:248\u2013252, discussion, 252\u2013245","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-3-441","volume":"56","author":"J Rahier","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rahier J, Wallon J, Loozen S, Lefevre A, Gepts W, Haot J (1983) The pancreatic polypeptide cells in the human pancreas: the effects of age and diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:441\u2013444","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM192805171981307","volume":"198","author":"O Stansfield","year":"1928","unstructured":"Stansfield O, Warren S (1928) Inflammation involving the islands of Langerhans in diabetes; report on pathological findings. N Engl J Med 198:686\u2013687","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"415\u2013430","key":"205_CR16","first-page":"411","volume":"1","author":"S Warren","year":"1925","unstructured":"Warren S, Root HF (1925) The pathology of diabetes, with special reference to pancreatic regeneration. Am J Pathol 1(415\u2013430):411","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"205_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711650203","volume":"165","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Foulis AK, McGill M, Farquharson MA (1991) Insulitis in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in man\u2014macrophages, lymphocytes, and interferon-gamma containing cells. J Pathol 165:97\u2013103","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"205_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.3.1360","volume":"153","author":"N Somoza","year":"1994","unstructured":"Somoza N, Vargas F, Roura-Mir C et al (1994) Pancreas in recent onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Changes in HLA, adhesion molecules and autoantigens, restricted T cell receptor V beta usage, and cytokine profile. J Immunol 153:1360\u20131377","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198508083130604","volume":"313","author":"GF Bottazzo","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bottazzo GF, Dean BM, McNally JM, MacKay EH, Swift PG, Gamble DR (1985) In situ characterization of autoimmune phenomena and expression of HLA molecules in the pancreas in diabetic insulitis. N Engl J Med 313:353\u2013360","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"205_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116835","volume":"92","author":"N Itoh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Itoh N, Hanafusa T, Miyazaki A et al (1993) Mononuclear cell infiltration and its relation to the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and adhesion molecules in pancreas biopsy specimens from newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Clin Invest 92:2313\u20132322","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"205_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03860.x","volume":"155","author":"A Willcox","year":"2009","unstructured":"Willcox A, Richardson SJ, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG (2009) Analysis of islet inflammation in human type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 155:173\u2013181","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0569-9","volume":"50","author":"S Uno","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uno S, Imagawa A, Okita K et al (2007) Macrophages and dendritic cells infiltrating islets with or without beta cells produce tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 50:596\u2013601","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700442104","volume":"104","author":"F Dotta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dotta F, Censini S, van Halteren AG et al (2007) Coxsackie B4 virus infection of beta cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:5115\u20135120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"205_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051446","volume":"42","author":"M Moriwaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moriwaki M, Itoh N, Miyagawa J et al (1999) Fas and Fas ligand expression in inflamed islets in pancreas sections of patients with recent-onset Type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42:1332\u20131340","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.5.727","volume":"47","author":"AC Loweth","year":"1998","unstructured":"Loweth AC, Williams GT, James RF, Scarpello JH, Morgan NG (1998) Human islets of Langerhans express Fas ligand and undergo apoptosis in response to interleukin-1beta and Fas ligation. Diabetes 47:727\u2013732","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1256","volume":"57","author":"GM Brodie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brodie GM, Wallberg M, Santamaria P, Wong FS, Green EA (2008) B-cells promote intra-islet CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell survival to enhance type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 57:909\u2013917","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2005.2.182","volume":"2","author":"C Sia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sia C (2005) Imbalance in Th cell polarization and its relevance in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Diabet Stud 2:182\u2013186","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"205_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2006.3.72","volume":"3","author":"A Cooke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cooke A (2006) Th17 cells in inflammatory conditions. Rev Diabet Stud 3:72\u201375","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"205_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1248","volume":"56","author":"T Brusko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brusko T, Wasserfall C, McGrail K et al (2007) No alterations in the frequency of FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 56:604\u2013612","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2004.11.004","volume":"24","author":"AL Putnam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Putnam AL, Vendrame F, Dotta F, Gottlieb PA (2005) CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 24:55\u201362","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"205_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-09-077438","volume":"112","author":"MA Caligiuri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caligiuri MA (2008) Human natural killer cells. Blood 112:461\u2013469","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"205_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivier E, Nunes JA, Vely F (2004) Natural killer cell signaling pathways. Science (New York, NY 306: 1517\u20131519","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103478"},{"key":"205_CR33","unstructured":"Keymeulen B, Walter M, Mathieu C, et al. Four-year metabolic outcome of a randomised controlled CD3-antibody trial in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients depends on their age and baseline residual beta cell mass. Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"205_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.4.S17","volume":"31","author":"R Alejandro","year":"1982","unstructured":"Alejandro R, Shienvold FL, Hajek SV, Ryan U, Miller J, Mintz DH (1982) Immunocytochemical localization of HLA-DR in human islets of Langerhans. Diabetes 31(Suppl 4):17\u201322","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299027","volume":"30","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Foulis AK, Farquharson MA, Hardman R (1987) Aberrant expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules by B cells and hyperexpression of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules by insulin containing islets in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 30:333\u2013343","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051197","volume":"42","author":"A Imagawa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Imagawa A, Hanafusa T, Itoh N et al (1999) Immunological abnormalities in islets at diagnosis paralleled further deterioration of glycaemic control in patients with recent-onset Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42:574\u2013578","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR37","unstructured":"Gianani R, Campbell-Thompson M, Sarkar SA, et al. Dimorphic histopathology of long-standing childhood-onset diabetes. Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0091","volume":"58","author":"S Tanaka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tanaka S, Nishida Y, Aida K et al (2009) Enterovirus infection, CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and CXCR3 circuit: a mechanism of accelerated beta-cell failure in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 58:2285\u20132291","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03940.x","volume":"157","author":"B Lozanoska-Ochser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lozanoska-Ochser B, Peakman M (2009) Level of major histocompatibility complex class I expression on endothelium in non-obese diabetic mice influences CD8 T cell adhesion and migration. Clin Exp Immunol 157:119\u2013127","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2899","volume":"102","author":"HE Thomas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Thomas HE, Parker JL, Schreiber RD, Kay TW (1998) IFN-gamma action on pancreatic beta cells causes class I MHC upregulation but not diabetes. J Clin Invest 102:1249\u20131257","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"205_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.3.531","volume":"185","author":"MG Herrath von","year":"1997","unstructured":"von Herrath MG, Oldstone MB (1997) Interferon-gamma is essential for destruction of beta cells and development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Exp Med 185:531\u2013539","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"205_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.35.11.1215","volume":"35","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Foulis AK, Farquharson MA (1986) Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigens by insulin-containing beta-cells in recent-onset type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 35:1215\u20131224","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1996.0053","volume":"9","author":"A Imagawa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Imagawa A, Hanafusa T, Itoh N et al (1996) Islet-infiltrating t lymphocytes in insulin-dependent diabetic patients express CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). J Autoimmun 9:391\u2013396","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"205_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116067","volume":"90","author":"A Hanninen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanninen A, Jalkanen S, Salmi M, Toikkanen S, Nikolakaros G, Simell O (1992) Macrophages, T cell receptor usage, and endothelial cell activation in the pancreas at the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 90:1901\u20131910","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"205_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6109","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6109","volume":"181","author":"B Lozanoska-Ochser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lozanoska-Ochser B, Klein NJ, Huang GC, Alvarez RA, Peakman M (2008) Expression of CD86 on human islet endothelial cells facilitates T cell adhesion and migration. J Immunol 181:6109\u20136116","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR46","first-page":"128","volume":"65","author":"R Pujol-Borrell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pujol-Borrell R, Todd I, Doshi M, Gray D, Feldmann M, Bottazzo GF (1986) Differential expression and regulation of MHC products in the endocrine and exocrine cells of the human pancreas. Clin Exp Immunol 65:128\u2013139","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91128-7","volume":"2","author":"AK Foulis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Foulis AK, Farquharson MA, Meager A (1987) Immunoreactive alpha-interferon in insulin-secreting beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2:1423\u20131427","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"205_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.44.6.658","volume":"44","author":"X Huang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huang X, Yuang J, Goddard A et al (1995) Interferon expression in the pancreases of patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes 44:658\u2013664","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1086\/315516","volume":"181","author":"W Chehadeh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chehadeh W, Weill J, Vantyghem MC et al (2000) Increased level of interferon-alpha in blood of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: relationship with coxsackievirus B infection. J Infect Dis 181:1929\u20131939","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"205_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.05.010","volume":"367","author":"M Hultcrantz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hultcrantz M, Huhn MH, Wolf M et al (2007) Interferons induce an antiviral state in human pancreatic islet cells. Virology 367:92\u2013101","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"205_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roep BO, Kleijwegt FS, van Halteren AG et al (2010) Islet inflammation and CXCL10 in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 159:338\u201343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04087.x"},{"key":"205_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1276-0","volume":"52","author":"SJ Richardson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richardson SJ, Willcox A, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG (2009) The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 52:1143\u20131151","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1171","volume":"174","author":"M Flodstrom-Tullberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Flodstrom-Tullberg M, Hultcrantz M, Stotland A et al (2005) RNase L and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase exert complementary roles in islet cell defense during coxsackievirus infection. J Immunol 174:1171\u20131177","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1800","volume":"38","author":"DJ Smyth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smyth DJ, Cooper JD, Bailey R et al (2006) A genome-wide association study of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a type 1 diabetes locus in the interferon-induced helicase (IFIH1) region. Nat Genet 38:617\u2013619","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"205_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nejentsev S, Walker N, Riches D, Egholm M, Todd JA (2009) Rare variants of IFIH1, a gene implicated in antiviral responses, protect against type 1 diabetes. Science (New York, NY 324: 387\u2013389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167728"},{"key":"205_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-6-1101","volume":"62","author":"IL Campbell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Campbell IL, Bizilj K, Colman PG, Tuch BE, Harrison LC (1986) Interferon-gamma induces the expression of HLA-A, B, C but not HLA-DR on human pancreatic beta-cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1101\u20131109","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"205_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/326304a0","volume":"326","author":"R Pujol-Borrell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pujol-Borrell R, Todd I, Doshi M et al (1987) HLA class II induction in human islet cells by interferon-gamma plus tumour necrosis factor or lymphotoxin. Nature 326:304\u2013306","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"205_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-2-2-101","volume":"2","author":"IL Campbell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Campbell IL, Oxbrow L, West J, Harrison LC (1988) Regulation of MHC protein expression in pancreatic beta-cells by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Mol Endocrinol 2:101\u2013107","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"205_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.6.3516","volume":"175","author":"A Rhode","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rhode A, Pauza ME, Barral AM et al (2005) Islet-specific expression of CXCL10 causes spontaneous islet infiltration and accelerates diabetes development. J Immunol 175:3516\u20133524","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0879-5","volume":"45","author":"F Nicoletti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nicoletti F, Conget I, Di Mauro M et al (2002) Serum concentrations of the interferon-gamma-inducible chemokine IP-10\/CXCL10 are augmented in both newly diagnosed Type I diabetes mellitus patients and subjects at risk of developing the disease. Diabetologia 45:1107\u20131110","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1245-y","volume":"46","author":"J Rasschaert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rasschaert J, Liu D, Kutlu B et al (2003) Global profiling of double stranded RNA- and IFN-gamma-induced genes in rat pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 46:1641\u20131657","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1839-7","volume":"48","author":"P Ylipaasto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ylipaasto P, Kutlu B, Rasilainen S et al (2005) Global profiling of coxsackievirus- and cytokine-induced gene expression in human pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 48:1510\u20131522","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199706)52:2<121::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"52","author":"L Andreoletti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Andreoletti L, Hober D, Hober-Vandenberghe C et al (1997) Detection of coxsackie B virus RNA sequences in whole blood samples from adult patients at the onset of type I diabetes mellitus. J Med Virol 52:121\u2013127","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"205_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905243002102","volume":"300","author":"JW Yoon","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yoon JW, Austin M, Onodera T, Notkins AL (1979) Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 300:1173\u20131179","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"205_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.12.009","volume":"33","author":"M Hindersson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hindersson M, Elshebani A, Orn A, Tuvemo T, Frisk G (2005) Simultaneous type 1 diabetes onset in mother and son coincident with an enteroviral infection. J Clin Virol 33:158\u2013167","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"205_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20368","volume":"76","author":"E Cabrera-Rode","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cabrera-Rode E, Sarmiento L, Molina G et al (2005) Islet cell related antibodies and type 1 diabetes associated with echovirus 30 epidemic: a case report. J Med Virol 76:373\u2013377","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"205_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051518","volume":"43","author":"T Otonkoski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Otonkoski T, Roivainen M, Vaarala O et al (2000) Neonatal Type I diabetes associated with maternal echovirus 6 infection: a case report. Diabetologia 43:1235\u20131238","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10341","volume":"69","author":"A Paananen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paananen A, Ylipaasto P, Rieder E, Hovi T, Galama J, Roivainen M (2003) Molecular and biological analysis of echovirus 9 strain isolated from a diabetic child. J Med Virol 69:529\u2013537","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"205_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930109014696","volume":"34","author":"O Diaz-Horta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diaz-Horta O, Bello M, Cabrera-Rode E et al (2001) Echovirus 4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Autoimmunity 34:275\u2013281","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"205_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1179-4","volume":"46","author":"E Cabrera-Rode","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cabrera-Rode E, Sarmiento L, Tiberti C et al (2003) Type 1 diabetes islet associated antibodies in subjects infected by echovirus 16. Diabetologia 46:1348\u20131353","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR71","unstructured":"(2000) Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 1997\u20131999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49: 913\u2013916"},{"key":"205_CR72","unstructured":"(2006) Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 2002\u20132004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55: 153\u2013156"},{"key":"205_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280591002531","volume":"11","author":"G Palacios","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palacios G, Oberste MS (2005) Enteroviruses as agents of emerging infectious diseases. J Neurovirol 11:424\u2013433","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"205_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5671.627","volume":"3","author":"DR Gamble","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gamble DR, Kinsley ML, FitzGerald MG, Bolton R, Taylor KW (1969) Viral antibodies in diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 3:627\u2013630","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"205_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5671.631","volume":"3","author":"DR Gamble","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gamble DR, Taylor KW (1969) Seasonal incidence of diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 3:631\u2013633","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"205_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21008","volume":"79","author":"A Elfaitouri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elfaitouri A, Berg AK, Frisk G, Yin H, Tuvemo T, Blomberg J (2007) Recent enterovirus infection in type 1 diabetes: evidence with a novel IgM method. J Med Virol 79:1861\u20131867","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"205_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1964","volume":"51","author":"H Yin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yin H, Berg AK, Tuvemo T, Frisk G (2002) Enterovirus RNA is found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a majority of type 1 diabetic children at onset. Diabetes 51:1964\u20131971","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91270-3","volume":"346","author":"GB Clements","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clements GB, Galbraith DN, Taylor KW (1995) Coxsackie B virus infection and onset of childhood diabetes. Lancet 346:221\u2013223","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"205_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00807_2.x","volume":"19","author":"R Coutant","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coutant R, Carel JC, Lebon P, Bougneres PF, Palmer P, Cantero-Aguilar L (2002) Detection of enterovirus RNA sequences in serum samples from autoantibody-positive subjects at risk for diabetes. Diabet Med 19:968\u2013969","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"205_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.1999.00098.x","volume":"16","author":"C Nairn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nairn C, Galbraith DN, Taylor KW, Clements GB (1999) Enterovirus variants in the serum of children at the onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 16:509\u2013513","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"205_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46015-0","volume":"54","author":"V Moya-Suri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moya-Suri V, Schlosser M, Zimmermann K, Rjasanowski I, Gurtler L, Mentel R (2005) Enterovirus RNA sequences in sera of schoolchildren in the general population and their association with type 1-diabetes-associated autoantibodies. J Med Microbiol 54:879\u2013883","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"205_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75546-3_12","volume":"323","author":"KM Drescher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drescher KM, Tracy SM (2008) The CVB and etiology of type 1 diabetes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 323:259\u2013274","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"205_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oikarinen M, Tauriainen S, Honkanen T, et al (2008) Analysis of pancreas tissue in a child positive for islet cell antibodies. Diabetologia 51:1796\u2013802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1107-8"},{"key":"205_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1297-z","volume":"47","author":"P Ylipaasto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ylipaasto P, Klingel K, Lindberg AM et al (2004) Enterovirus infection in human pancreatic islet cells, islet tropism in vivo and receptor involvement in cultured islet beta cells. Diabetologia 47:225\u2013239","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"205_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.08.019","volume":"38","author":"M Roivainen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roivainen M (2006) Enteroviruses: new findings on the role of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38:721\u2013725","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"205_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10153","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.10153-10164.2000","volume":"74","author":"W Chehadeh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chehadeh W, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F et al (2000) Persistent infection of human pancreatic islets by coxsackievirus B is associated with alpha interferon synthesis in beta cells. J Virol 74:10153\u201310164","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"205_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.37.3.362","volume":"37","author":"IL Campbell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Campbell IL, Harrison LC, Ashcroft RG, Jack I (1988) Reovirus infection enhances expression of class I MHC proteins on human beta-cell and rat RINm5F cell. Diabetes 37:362\u2013365","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1997.0131","volume":"10","author":"M Herrath von","year":"1997","unstructured":"von Herrath M, Holz A (1997) Pathological changes in the islet milieu precede infiltration of islets and destruction of beta-cells by autoreactive lymphocytes in a transgenic model of virus-induced IDDM. J Autoimmun 10:231\u2013238","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"205_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.9.2287","volume":"52","author":"M Westerholm-Ormio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westerholm-Ormio M, Vaarala O, Pihkala P, Ilonen J, Savilahti E (2003) Immunologic activity in the small intestinal mucosa of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 52:2287\u20132295","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03529.x","volume":"151","author":"M Oikarinen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oikarinen M, Tauriainen S, Honkanen T et al (2008) Detection of enteroviruses in the intestine of type 1 diabetic patients. Clin Exp Immunol 151:71\u201375","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"205_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-6-1399","volume":"71","author":"L Cunningham","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cunningham L, Bowles NE, Lane RJ, Dubowitz V, Archard LC (1990) Persistence of enteroviral RNA in chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with the abnormal production of equal amounts of positive and negative strands of enteroviral RNA. J Gen Virol 71(Pt 6):1399\u20131402","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"205_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.1.314","volume":"89","author":"K Klingel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Klingel K, Hohenadl C, Canu A et al (1992) Ongoing enterovirus-induced myocarditis is associated with persistent heart muscle infection: quantitative analysis of virus replication, tissue damage, and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:314\u2013318","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"205_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.693","volume":"175","author":"PG Conaldi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Conaldi PG, Serra C, Mossa A et al (1997) Persistent infection of human vascular endothelial cells by group B coxsackieviruses. J Infect Dis 175:693\u2013696","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"205_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.5.985","volume":"166","author":"A Heim","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heim A, Canu A, Kirschner P et al (1992) Synergistic interaction of interferon-beta and interferon-gamma in coxsackievirus B3-infected carrier cultures of human myocardial fibroblasts. J Infect Dis 166:958\u2013965","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"205_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.020255","volume":"58","author":"JK Chia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chia JK (2005) The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Pathol 58:1126\u20131132","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"205_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10113","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10113-10121.1999","volume":"73","author":"PE Tam","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tam PE, Messner RP (1999) Molecular mechanisms of coxsackievirus persistence in chronic inflammatory myopathy: viral RNA persists through formation of a double-stranded complex without associated genomic mutations or evolution. J Virol 73:10113\u201310121","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"205_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","volume":"441","author":"H Kato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S et al (2006) Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 441:101\u2013105","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"205_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10761","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00770-09","volume":"83","author":"A Pichlmair","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pichlmair A, Schulz O, Tan CP et al (2009) Activation of MDA5 requires higher-order RNA structures generated during virus infection. J Virol 83:10761\u201310769","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-010-0205-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-010-0205-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-010-0205-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T22:40:00Z","timestamp":1685572800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-010-0205-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-010-0205-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]]}}}