{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T08:54:05Z","timestamp":1789894445536,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0551-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T07:46:53Z","timestamp":1447746413000},"page":"87-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma\u2014current concepts and novel targets for therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Distler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cozzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"551_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","volume":"72","author":"F Hoogen van den","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Hoogen F et al (2013) 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 72(11):1747\u20131755","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.05.010","volume":"44","author":"M Rubio-Rivas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rubio-Rivas M et al (2014) Mortality and survival in systemic sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 44(2):208\u2013219","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"551_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.114264","volume":"69","author":"AJ Tyndall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tyndall AJ et al (2010) Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. Ann Rheum Dis 69(10):1809\u20131815","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096677","volume":"68","author":"O Kowal-Bielecka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kowal-Bielecka O et al (2009) EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR). Ann Rheum Dis 68(5):620\u2013628","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"551_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-eular.4695","volume":"74","author":"O Kowal-Bielecka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kowal-Bielecka O et al (2015) Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 74(Suppl 2):90","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"551_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27647","volume":"62","author":"C Beyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beyer C et al (2010) Animal models of systemic sclerosis: prospects and limitations. Arthritis Rheum 62(10):2831\u20132844","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3078","volume":"9","author":"SM Paul","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paul SM et al (2010) How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry\u2019s grand challenge. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(3):203\u2013214","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"6","key":"551_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000434598.51526.0e","volume":"25","author":"S Jordan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jordan S, Chung J, Distler O (2013) Preclinical and translational research to discover potentially effective antifibrotic therapies in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 25(6):679\u2013685","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"551_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0425-8","volume":"16","author":"R Dobrota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dobrota R, Mihai C, Distler O (2014) Personalized medicine in systemic sclerosis: facts and promises. Curr Rheumatol Rep 16(6):425","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.222","volume":"11","author":"Y Allanore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allanore Y, Distler O (2015) Systemic sclerosis in 2014: advances in cohort enrichment shape future of trial design. Nat Rev Rheumatol 11(2):72\u201374","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6825","key":"551_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/35065611","volume":"410","author":"JP Stasch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stasch JP et al (2001) NO-independent regulatory site on soluble guanylate cyclase. Nature 410(6825):212\u2013215","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"551_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0806188","volume":"360","author":"A Gabrielli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gabrielli A, Avvedimento EV, Krieg T (2009) Scleroderma. N Engl J Med 360(19):1989\u20132003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209655","volume":"369","author":"HA Ghofrani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghofrani HA et al (2013) Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 369(4):330\u2013340","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"551_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200862","volume":"71","author":"C Beyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beyer C et al (2012) Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase reduces experimental dermal fibrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 71(6):1019\u20131026","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204508","volume":"74","author":"C Beyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beyer C et al (2015) Stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibits fibrosis by blocking non-canonical TGFbeta signalling. Ann Rheum Dis 74(7):1408\u20131416","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"551_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206809","volume":"74","author":"C Dees","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dees C et al (2015) Stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibit experimental skin fibrosis of different aetiologies. Ann Rheum Dis 74(8):1621\u20131625","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2009.64","volume":"32","author":"H Masuyama","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masuyama H et al (2009) Pressure-independent effects of pharmacological stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase on fibrosis in pressure-overloaded rat heart. Hypertens Res 32(7):597\u2013603","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0142-x","volume":"13","author":"N Iwamoto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Iwamoto N, Distler JH, Distler O (2011) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: from animal models to clinical trials. Curr Rheumatol Rep 13(1):21\u201327","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.06.001","volume":"42","author":"VK Bournia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bournia VK, Evangelou K, Sfikakis PP (2013) Therapeutic inhibition of tyrosine kinases in systemic sclerosis: a review of published experience on the first 108 patients treated with imatinib. Semin Arthritis Rheum 42(4):377\u2013390","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"551_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0964OC","volume":"181","author":"CE Daniels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daniels CE et al (2010) Imatinib treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial results. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181(6):604\u2013610","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"551_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-6307","volume":"68","author":"F Hilberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hilberg F et al (2008) BIBF 1120: triple angiokinase inhibitor with sustained receptor blockade and good antitumor efficacy. Cancer Res 68(12):4774\u20134782","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"551_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203535","volume":"73","author":"B Maurer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maurer B et al (2014) Vascular endothelial growth factor aggravates fibrosis and vasculopathy in experimental models of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 73(10):1880\u20131887","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23436","volume":"58","author":"C Skhirtladze","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skhirtladze C et al (2008) Src kinases in systemic sclerosis: central roles in fibroblast activation and in skin fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 58(5):1475\u20131484","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"22","key":"551_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","volume":"370","author":"L Richeldi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richeldi L et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 370(22):2071\u20132082","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"551_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang J et al (2015) Nintedanib inhibits fibroblast activation and ameliorates fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis doi: 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-207109","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-207109"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2012.12.001","volume":"58","author":"B Maurer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maurer B, Distler JH, Distler O (2013) The Fra-2 transgenic mouse model of systemic sclerosis. Vasc Pharmacol 58(3):194\u2013201","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2012.719090","volume":"24","author":"JD Pauling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pauling JD, O\u2019Donnell VB, McHugh NJ (2013) The contribution of platelets to the pathogenesis of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Platelets 24(7):503\u2013515","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(88)90238-0","volume":"19","author":"ML Biondi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Biondi ML et al (1988) Plasma free and intraplatelet serotonin in patients with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. Int J Cardiol 19(3):335\u2013339","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80156-9","volume":"99","author":"P Herve","year":"1995","unstructured":"Herve P et al (1995) Increased plasma serotonin in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med 99(3):249\u2013254","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2340\/000155555915","volume":"59","author":"A Stachow","year":"1979","unstructured":"Stachow A, Jablonska S, Skiendzielewska A (1979) Biogenic amines derived from tryptophan in systemic and cutaneous scleroderma. Acta Derm Venereol 59(1):1\u20135","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101629","volume":"208","author":"C Dees","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dees C et al (2011) Platelet-derived serotonin links vascular disease and tissue fibrosis. J Exp Med 208(5):961\u2013972","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00126907","volume":"32","author":"A Fabre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fabre A et al (2008) Modulation of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by serotonin receptor antagonists in mice. Eur Respir J 32(2):426\u2013436","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"551_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3181\/0804-RM-137","volume":"233","author":"O Hauso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hauso O et al (2008) The effect of terguride in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 233(11):1385\u20131388","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"551_CR34","first-page":"438403","volume":"2015","author":"W Janssen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janssen W et al (2015) 5-HT2B receptor antagonists inhibit fibrosis and protect from RV heart failure. Biomed Res Int 2015:438403","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120725","volume":"40","author":"A Lauretis De","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Lauretis A et al (2013) Serum interleukin 6 is predictive of early functional decline and mortality in interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 40(4):435\u2013446","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R157","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4672","volume":"16","author":"L Desallais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desallais L et al (2014) Targeting IL-6 by both passive or active immunization strategies prevents bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Arthritis Res Ther 16(4):R157","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200955","volume":"71","author":"K Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan K et al (2012) Clinical and pathological significance of interleukin 6 overexpression in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 71(7):1235\u20131242","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.013","volume":"180","author":"S Kitaba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kitaba S et al (2012) Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor alleviates disease in mouse model of scleroderma. Am J Pathol 180(1):165\u2013176","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"551_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.226","volume":"132","author":"D Huu Le","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le Huu D et al (2012) IL-6 blockade attenuates the development of murine sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease. J Invest Dermatol 132(12):2752\u20132761","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302470","volume":"193","author":"TT Le","year":"2014","unstructured":"Le TT et al (2014) Blockade of IL-6 Trans signaling attenuates pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 193(7):3755\u20133768","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022667","volume":"6","author":"M Pedroza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedroza M et al (2011) Interleukin-6 contributes to inflammation and remodeling in a model of adenosine mediated lung injury. PLoS One 6(7), e22667","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl2","key":"551_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2281","volume":"74","author":"D Khanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khanna D et al (2015) Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab in adults with systemic sclerosis: week 48 data from the FASSCINATE trial. Ann Rheum Dis 74(Suppl2):87","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(02)00010-8","volume":"28","author":"KJ Murray","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murray KJ, Laxer RM (2002) Scleroderma in children and adolescents. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 28(3):603\u2013624","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"551_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.4065\/70.11.1068","volume":"70","author":"LS Peterson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP (1995) Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma). Mayo Clin Proc 70(11):1068\u20131076","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"551_CR45","first-page":"S1","volume":"7","author":"A Kreuter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kreuter A et al (2009) AWMF guideline no. 013\/066. Diagnosis and therapy of circumscribed scleroderma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 7(Suppl 6):S1\u2013S14","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08647.x","volume":"159","author":"L Weibel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weibel L, Harper JI (2008) Linear morphoea follows Blaschko\u2019s lines. Br J Dermatol 159(1):175\u2013181","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"551_CR47","first-page":"1997","volume":"30","author":"M Blaszczyk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blaszczyk M et al (2003) Progressive facial hemiatrophy: central nervous system involvement and relationship with scleroderma en coup de sabre. J Rheumatol 30(9):1997\u20132004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.10.959","volume":"56","author":"MM Tollefson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tollefson MM, Witman PM (2007) En coup de sabre morphea and Parry-Romberg syndrome: a retrospective review of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 56(2):257\u2013263","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei251","volume":"45","author":"F Zulian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zulian F et al (2006) Juvenile localized scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45(5):614\u2013620","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13514","volume":"172","author":"JS Mertens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mertens JS et al (2015) Disease recurrence in localized scleroderma: a retrospective analysis of 344 patients with paediatric- or adult-onset disease. Br J Dermatol 172(3):722\u2013728","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.79","volume":"145","author":"JJ Leitenberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leitenberger JJ et al (2009) Distinct autoimmune syndromes in morphea: a review of 245 adult and pediatric cases. Arch Dermatol 145(5):545\u2013550","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"551_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08235.x","volume":"157","author":"K Eisendle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eisendle K, Grabner T, Zelger B (2007) Morphoea: a manifestation of infection with Borrelia species? Br J Dermatol 157(6):1189\u20131198","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91281-9","volume":"33","author":"WI Dillon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dillon WI, Saed GM, Fivenson DP (1995) Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphea, scleroderma, or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of patients from North America. J Am Acad Dermatol 33(4):617\u2013620","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2163","volume":"190","author":"M Horger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Horger M et al (2008) MRI findings in deep and generalized morphea (localized scleroderma). AJR Am J Roentgenol 190(1):32\u201339","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2014.06.018","volume":"96","author":"T Kirchgesner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirchgesner T et al (2015) Eosinophilic fasciitis: typical abnormalities, variants and differential diagnosis of fasciae abnormalities using MR imaging. Diagn Interv Imaging 96(4):341\u2013348","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.09.006","volume":"65","author":"BA Zwischenberger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zwischenberger BA, Jacobe HT (2011) A systematic review of morphea treatments and therapeutic algorithm. J Am Acad Dermatol 65(5):925\u2013941","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200910030-00004","volume":"10","author":"EB Kroft","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroft EB et al (2009) Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.1% in active plaque morphea: randomized, double-blind, emollient-controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Dermatol 10(3):181\u2013187","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06318.x","volume":"152","author":"G Mancuso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mancuso G, Berdondini RM (2005) Localized scleroderma: response to occlusive treatment with tacrolimus ointment. Br J Dermatol 152(1):180\u2013182","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"551_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00552.x","volume":"35","author":"C Stefanaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stefanaki C et al (2008) Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in the treatment of localized scleroderma. An open label clinical and histological study. J Dermatol 35(11):712\u2013718","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"551_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70077-5","volume":"39","author":"BB Cunningham","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cunningham BB et al (1998) Topical calcipotriene for morphea\/linear scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 39(2 Pt 1):211\u2013215","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"551_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1159\/000335560","volume":"223","author":"E Pope","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pope E et al (2011) Topical imiquimod 5% cream for pediatric plaque morphea: a prospective, multiple-baseline, open-label pilot study. Dermatology 223(4):363\u2013369","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1063","volume":"54","author":"A Kreuter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kreuter A et al (2006) A randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 54(3):440\u2013447","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13544","volume":"173","author":"EA Gordon Spratt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gordon Spratt EA et al (2015) Phototherapy, photodynamic therapy and photophoresis in the treatment of connective-tissue diseases: a review. Br J Dermatol 173(1):19\u201330","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.10.018","volume":"70","author":"R Vasquez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vasquez R et al (2014) Recurrence of morphea after successful ultraviolet A1 phototherapy: a cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 70(3):481\u2013488","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.05.046","volume":"64","author":"N Fett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fett N, Werth VP (2011) Update on morphea: part II. Outcome measures and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 64(2):231\u201342, quiz 243\u20134","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690050133027","volume":"130","author":"P Joly","year":"1994","unstructured":"Joly P et al (1994) Treatment of severe forms of localized scleroderma with oral corticosteroids: follow-up study on 17 patients. Arch Dermatol 130(5):663\u2013664","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30264","volume":"63","author":"F Zulian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zulian F et al (2011) Methotrexate treatment in juvenile localized scleroderma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 63(7):1998\u20132006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90056-8","volume":"136","author":"Y Uziel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Uziel Y et al (2000) Methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy for pediatric localized scleroderma. J Pediatr 136(1):91\u201395","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"551_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.7.847","volume":"141","author":"A Kreuter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kreuter A et al (2005) Pulsed high-dose corticosteroids combined with low-dose methotrexate in severe localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 141(7):847\u2013852","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07497.x","volume":"155","author":"L Weibel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weibel L et al (2006) Evaluation of methotrexate and corticosteroids for the treatment of localized scleroderma (morphoea) in children. Br J Dermatol 155(5):1013\u20131020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2008.547","volume":"145","author":"JH Neustadter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neustadter JH et al (2009) Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for generalized deep morphea. Arch Dermatol 145(2):127\u2013130","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"551_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21258","DOI":"10.5070\/D3201021258","volume":"20","author":"A Pileri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pileri A et al (2014) Generalized morphea successfully treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP). Dermatol Online J 20(1):21258","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"issue":"5","key":"551_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02403.x","volume":"22","author":"M Schlaak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schlaak M et al (2008) Successful therapy of a patient with therapy recalcitrant generalized bullous scleroderma by extracorporeal photopheresis and mycophenolate mofetil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 22(5):631\u2013633","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"551_CR74","first-page":"251","volume":"36","author":"M Alecu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alecu M et al (1998) The interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha serological levels in localised and systemic sclerosis. Rom J Intern Med 36(3\u20134):251\u2013259","journal-title":"Rom J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01262331","volume":"287","author":"H Ihn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ihn H et al (1995) Demonstration of interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 in sera from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 287(2):193\u2013197","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"551_CR76","first-page":"1917","volume":"27","author":"T Nagaoka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nagaoka T et al (2000) Serum levels of soluble interleukin 6 receptor and soluble gp130 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol 27(8):1917\u20131921","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"551_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(98)00027-9","volume":"18","author":"XY Zheng","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zheng XY et al (1998) Expression of platelet-derived growth factor B-chain and platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor in fibroblasts of scleroderma. J Dermatol Sci 18(2):90\u201397","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-015-0551-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-015-0551-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-015-0551-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T12:15:26Z","timestamp":1748693726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-015-0551-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-015-0551-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]}}}