{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:13:19Z","timestamp":1793236399758,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466121600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFO 181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFO 181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFO 181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFO 181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LOEWE","award":["MIBIE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIBIE"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1043939, GNT1051223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1043939, GNT1051223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Victorian Goverment's Operational Infrastructure Support Program, Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0576-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T08:19:40Z","timestamp":1466151580000},"page":"765-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Developmental origins of male subfertility: role of infection, inflammation, and environmental factors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Undraga","family":"Schagdarsurengin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Western","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Steger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000363608","volume":"27","author":"AK Lucas-Herald","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas-Herald AK, Bashamboo A (2014) Gonadal development. Endocr Dev 27:1\u201316. doi: 10.1159\/000363608","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"576_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.163","volume":"10","author":"S Eggers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eggers S, Ohnesorg T, Sinclair A (2014) Genetic regulation of mammalian gonad development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10(11):673\u2013683. doi: 10.1038\/nrendo.2014.163","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000363432","volume":"8","author":"G Shaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaw G, Renfree MB (2014) Wolffian duct development. Sex Dev 8(5):273\u2013280. doi: 10.1159\/000363432","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013029","volume":"32","author":"BT Hinton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hinton BT, Galdamez MM, Sutherland A, Bomgardner D, Xu B, Abdel-Fattah R, Yang L (2011) How do you get six meters of epididymis inside a human scrotum? J Androl 32(6):558\u2013564. doi: 10.2164\/jandrol.111.013029","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9809","volume":"224","author":"WW Branford","year":"2000","unstructured":"Branford WW, Benson GV, Ma L, Maas RL, Potter SS (2000) Characterization of Hoxa-10\/Hoxa-11 transheterozygotes reveals functional redundancy and regulatory interactions. Dev Biol 224(2):373\u2013387. doi: 10.1006\/dbio.2000.9809","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"576_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22378","volume":"239","author":"EM Snyder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snyder EM, Small CL, Bomgardner D, Xu B, Evanoff R, Griswold MD, Hinton BT (2010) Gene expression in the efferent ducts, epididymis, and vas deferens during embryonic development of the mouse. Dev Dyn 239(9):2479\u20132491. doi: 10.1002\/dvdy.22378","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"issue":"27","key":"576_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703445104","volume":"104","author":"J Tomaszewski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomaszewski J, Joseph A, Archambeault D, Yao HH (2007) Essential roles of inhibin beta A in mouse epididymal coiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(27):11322\u201311327. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0703445104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1071\/RD11287","volume":"25","author":"WR Winnall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winnall WR, Wu H, Sarraj MA, Rogers PA, de Kretser DM, Girling JE, Hedger MP (2013) Expression patterns of activin, inhibin and follistatin variants in the adult male mouse reproductive tract suggest important roles in the epididymis and vas deferens. Reprod Fertil Dev 25(3):570\u2013580. doi: 10.1071\/RD11287","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev112","volume":"30","author":"A Stammler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stammler A, Hau T, Bhushan S, Meinhardt A, Jonigk D, Lippmann T, Pilatz A, Schneider-Huther I, Middendorff R (2015) Epididymitis: ascending infection restricted by segmental boundaries. Hum Reprod 30(7):1557\u20131565. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/dev112","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)37502-1","volume":"21","author":"MJ Rowley","year":"1970","unstructured":"Rowley MJ, Teshima F, Heller CG (1970) Duration of transit of spermatozoa through the human male ductular system. Fertil Steril 21(5):390\u2013396","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136165","volume":"10","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aitken RJ, Baker HW (1995) Seminal leukocytes: passengers, terrorists or good samaritans? Hum Reprod 10(7):1736\u20131739","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.06.005","volume":"100","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aitken RJ, Baker MA (2013) Oxidative stress, spermatozoa and leukocytic infiltration: relationships forged by the opposing forces of microbial invasion and the search for perfection. J Reprod Immunol 100(1):11\u201319. doi: 10.1016\/j.jri.2013.06.005","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.155770","volume":"17","author":"V Michel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michel V, Pilatz A, Hedger MP, Meinhardt A (2015) Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences. Asian J Androl 17(5):756\u2013763. doi: 10.4103\/1008-682X.155770","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"576_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-869-0_29","volume":"677","author":"M Fijak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fijak M, Bhushan S, Meinhardt A (2011) Immunoprivileged sites: the testis. Methods Mol Biol 677:459\u2013470. doi: 10.1007\/978-1-60761-869-0_29","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"576_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00438.x","volume":"213","author":"M Fijak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fijak M, Meinhardt A (2006) The testis in immune privilege. Immunol Rev 213:66\u201381","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"576_CR16","first-page":"1195","volume-title":"Physiology of reproduction","author":"MP Hedger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hedger MP, Hales DB (2006) Immunophysiology of the male reproductive tract. In: Knobil E, Neill J (eds) Physiology of reproduction, 3rd edn. Academic, Amsterdam, pp 1195\u20131286","edition":"3"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.38","volume":"11","author":"S Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao S, Zhu W, Xue S, Han D (2014) Testicular defense systems: immune privilege and innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 11(5):428\u2013437. doi: 10.1038\/cmi.2014.38","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.012989","volume":"32","author":"MP Hedger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hedger MP (2011) Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis. J Androl 32(6):625\u2013640. doi: 10.2164\/jandrol.111.012989","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1988.tb00190.x","volume":"16","author":"CA Mahi-Brown","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mahi-Brown CA, Yule TD, Tung KS (1988) Evidence for active immunological regulation in prevention of testicular autoimmune disease independent of the blood-testis barrier. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 16(4):165\u2013170","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1985.0038","volume":"29","author":"JR Head","year":"1985","unstructured":"Head JR, Billingham RE (1985) Immunologically privileged sites in transplantation immunology and oncology. Perspect Biol Med 29(1):115\u2013131","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198509000-00010","volume":"40","author":"JR Head","year":"1985","unstructured":"Head JR, Billingham RE (1985) Immune privilege in the testis. II Evaluation of potential local factors. Transplantation 40(3):269\u2013275","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198310000-00014","volume":"36","author":"JR Head","year":"1983","unstructured":"Head JR, Neaves WB, Billingham RE (1983) Immune privilege in the testis. I. Basic parameters of allograft survival. Transplantation 36(4):423\u2013431","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"576_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"88","author":"HC Schuppe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schuppe HC, Meinhardt A (2005) Immune privilege and inflammation of the testis. Chem Immunol Allergy 88:1\u201314","journal-title":"Chem Immunol Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0020038","volume":"2","author":"MP Hedger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hedger MP (1997) Testicular leukocytes: what are they doing? Rev Reprod 2(1):38\u201347","journal-title":"Rev Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1010557","volume":"90","author":"WR Winnall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winnall WR, Muir JA, Hedger MP (2011) Rat resident testicular macrophages have an alternatively activated phenotype and constitutively produce interleukin-10 in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 90(1):133\u2013143. doi: 10.1189\/jlb.1010557","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"576_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.031","volume":"359","author":"MP Hedger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hedger MP, Winnall WR (2012) Regulation of activin and inhibin in the adult testis and the evidence for functional roles in spermatogenesis and immunoregulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 359(1\u20132):30\u201342. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.031","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"576_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401132","volume":"194","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Tchatalbachev S, Lu Y, Frohlich S, Fijak M, Vijayan V, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A (2015) Differential activation of inflammatory pathways in testicular macrophages provides a rationale for their subdued inflammatory capacity. J Immunol 194(11):5455\u20135464. doi: 10.4049\/jimmunol.1401132","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"576_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5537","volume":"180","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Tchatalbachev S, Klug J, Fijak M, Pineau C, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A (2008) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli block MyD88-dependent and activate MyD88-independent signaling pathways in rat testicular cells. J Immunol 180(8):5537\u20135547","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"576_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028452","volume":"6","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Hossain H, Lu Y, Geisler A, Tchatalbachev S, Mikulski Z, Schuler G, Klug J, Pilatz A, Wagenlehner F, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A (2011) Uropathogenic E. coli induce different immune response in testicular and peritoneal macrophages: implications for testicular immune privilege. PLoS One 6(12):e28452. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0028452","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"576_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.10.017","volume":"306","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Schuppe HC, Tchatalbachev S, Fijak M, Weidner W, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A (2009) Testicular innate immune defense against bacteria. Mol Cell Endocrinol 306(1\u20132):37\u201344. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2008.10.017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"576_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62087-2","volume":"149","author":"JC Hutson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hutson JC (1994) Testicular macrophages. Int Rev Cytol 149:99\u2013143","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"576_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.07.007","volume":"83","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Schuppe HC, Fijak M, Meinhardt A (2009) Testicular infection: microorganisms, clinical implications and host-pathogen interaction. J Reprod Immunol 83(1\u20132):164\u2013167. doi: 10.1016\/j.jri.2009.07.007","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"576_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00016-5","volume":"57","author":"MP Hedger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hedger MP (2002) Macrophages and the immune responsiveness of the testis. J Reprod Immunol 57(1\u20132):19\u201334","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01289.x","volume":"12","author":"D Nashan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nashan D, Malorny U, Sorg C, Cooper T, Nieschlag E (1989) Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis. Int J Androl 12(1):85\u201394","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1990.tb00958.x","volume":"13","author":"D Nashan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nashan D, Cooper TG, Knuth UA, Schubeus P, Sorg C, Nieschlag E (1990) Presence and distribution of leukocyte subsets in the murine epididymis after vasectomy. Int J Androl 13(1):39\u201349","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.116681","volume":"90","author":"WW Shum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shum WW, Smith TB, Cortez-Retamozo V, Grigoryeva LS, Roy JW, Hill E, Pittet MJ, Breton S, Da Silva N (2014) Epithelial basal cells are distinct from dendritic cells and macrophages in the mouse epididymis. Biol Reprod 90(5):90. doi: 10.1095\/biolreprod.113.116681","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0493","volume":"141","author":"N Silva Da","year":"2011","unstructured":"Da Silva N, Cortez-Retamozo V, Reinecker HC, Wildgruber M, Hill E, Brown D, Swirski FK, Pittet MJ, Breton S (2011) A dense network of dendritic cells populates the murine epididymis. Reproduction 141(5):653\u2013663. doi: 10.1530\/REP-10-0493","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.08.004","volume":"100","author":"C Rival","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rival C, Wheeler K, Jeffrey S, Qiao H, Luu B, Tewalt EF, Engelhard VH, Tardif S, Hardy D, del Rio R, Teuscher C, Tung K (2013) Regulatory T cells and vasectomy. J Reprod Immunol 100(1):66\u201375. doi: 10.1016\/j.jri.2013.08.004","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"576_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017615108","volume":"108","author":"K Wheeler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wheeler K, Tardif S, Rival C, Luu B, Bui E, Del Rio R, Teuscher C, Sparwasser T, Hardy D, Tung KS (2011) Regulatory T cells control tolerogenic versus autoimmune response to sperm in vasectomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(18):7511\u20137516. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1017615108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"14","key":"576_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151242798","volume":"98","author":"Y Ying","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ying Y, Qi X, Zhao GQ (2001) Induction of primordial germ cells from murine epiblasts by synergistic action of BMP4 and BMP8B signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(14):7858\u20137862. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.151242798","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.028381","volume":"71","author":"TL Gaskell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gaskell TL, Esnal A, Robinson LL, Anderson RA, Saunders PT (2004) Immunohistochemical profiling of germ cells within the human fetal testis: identification of three subpopulations. Biol Reprod 71(6):2012\u20132021. doi: 10.1095\/biolreprod.104.028381","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0622","volume":"26","author":"PS Western","year":"2008","unstructured":"Western PS, Miles DC, van den Bergen JA, Burton M, Sinclair AH (2008) Dynamic regulation of mitotic arrest in fetal male germ cells. Stem Cells 26(2):339\u2013347. doi: 10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0622","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219667","volume":"154","author":"B Hilscher","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hilscher B, Hilscher W, Bulthoff-Ohnolz B, Kramer U, Birke A, Pelzer H, Gauss G (1974) Kinetics of gametogenesis. I. Comparative histological and autoradiographic studies of oocytes and transitional prospermatogonia during oogenesis and prespermatogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 154(4):443\u2013470","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(03)00214-8","volume":"262","author":"A McLaren","year":"2003","unstructured":"McLaren A (2003) Primordial germ cells in the mouse. Dev Biol 262(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg057","volume":"18","author":"E Bendsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bendsen E, Byskov AG, Laursen SB, Larsen HP, Andersen CY, Westergaard LG (2003) Number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal testes during the first weeks after sex differentiation. Hum Reprod 18(1):13\u201318","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000990307","volume":"99","author":"EF Oakberg","year":"1956","unstructured":"Oakberg EF (1956) Duration of spermatogenesis in the mouse and timing of stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Am J Anat 99(3):507\u2013516. doi: 10.1002\/aja.1000990307","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"issue":"3563","key":"576_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.140.3563.184","volume":"140","author":"CG Heller","year":"1963","unstructured":"Heller CG, Clermont Y (1963) Spermatogenesis in man: an estimate of its duration. Science 140(3563):184\u2013186","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"576_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.183","volume":"9","author":"U Schagdarsurengin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schagdarsurengin U, Paradowska A, Steger K (2012) Analysing the sperm epigenome: roles in early embryogenesis and assisted reproduction. Nat Rev Urol 9(11):609\u2013619. doi: 10.1038\/nrurol.2012.183","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"576_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/4.10.939","volume":"4","author":"K Steger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Steger K, Klonisch T, Gavenis K, Drabent B, Doenecke D, Bergmann M (1998) Expression of mRNA and protein of nucleoproteins during human spermiogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 4(10):939\u2013945","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60454-3","volume":"16","author":"DT Carrell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carrell DT (2008) Contributions of spermatozoa to embryogenesis: assays to evaluate their genetic and epigenetic fitness. Reprod Biomed Online 16(4):474\u2013484","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21756","volume":"104","author":"C Lelancette","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lelancette C, Miller D, Li Y, Krawetz SA (2008) Paternal contributions: new functional insights for spermatozoal RNA. J Cell Biochem 104(5):1570\u20131579. doi: 10.1002\/jcb.21756","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.067033","volume":"78","author":"W Yan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yan W, Morozumi K, Zhang J, Ro S, Park C, Yanagimachi R (2008) Birth of mice after intracytoplasmic injection of single purified sperm nuclei and detection of messenger RNAs and microRNAs in the sperm nuclei. Biol Reprod 78(5):896\u2013902. doi: 10.1095\/biolreprod.107.067033","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"32","key":"576_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108567108","volume":"108","author":"R Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song R, Hennig GW, Wu Q, Jose C, Zheng H, Yan W (2011) Male germ cells express abundant endogenous siRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(32):13159\u201313164. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1108567108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"576_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der329","volume":"26","author":"SA Krawetz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krawetz SA, Kruger A, Lalancette C, Tagett R, Anton E, Draghici S, Diamond MP (2011) A survey of small RNAs in human sperm. Hum Reprod 26(12):3401\u20133412. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/der329","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"576_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-009-9206-5","volume":"20","author":"N Valeri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valeri N, Vannini I, Fanini F, Calore F, Adair B, Fabbri M (2009) Epigenetics, miRNAs, and human cancer: a new chapter in human gene regulation. Mamm Genome 20(9\u201310):573\u2013580. doi: 10.1007\/s00335-009-9206-5","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"issue":"10\u201312","key":"576_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2010.05.005","volume":"1799","author":"MV Iorio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iorio MV, Piovan C, Croce CM (2010) Interplay between microRNAs and the epigenetic machinery: an intricate network. Biochim Biophys Acta 1799(10\u201312):694\u2013701. doi: 10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2010.05.005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"576_CR57","first-page":"373","volume":"65","author":"D Miller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller D (2007) Ensuring continuity of the paternal genome: potential roles for spermatozoal RNA in mammalian embryogenesis. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 65:373\u2013389","journal-title":"Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110368109","volume":"109","author":"WM Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu WM, Pang RT, Chiu PC, Wong BP, Lao K, Lee KF, Yeung WS (2012) Sperm-borne microRNA-34c is required for the first cleavage division in mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(2):490\u2013494. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1110368109","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"576_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0354","volume":"2","author":"SB Baylin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baylin SB (2005) DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2(Suppl 1):S4\u2013S11. doi: 10.1038\/ncponc0354","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00208-8","volume":"13","author":"JC Rice","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rice JC, Allis CD (2001) Histone methylation versus histone acetylation: new insights into epigenetic regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13(3):263\u2013273","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"576_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.70.1.81","volume":"70","author":"SY Roth","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roth SY, Denu JM, Allis CD (2001) Histone acetyltransferases. Annu Rev Biochem 70:81\u2013120. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.biochem.70.1.81","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"576_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb05964.x","volume":"983","author":"S Thiagalingam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thiagalingam S, Cheng KH, Lee HJ, Mineva N, Thiagalingam A, Ponte JF (2003) Histone deacetylases: unique players in shaping the epigenetic histone code. Ann N Y Acad Sci 983:84\u2013100","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"576_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1110503","volume":"17","author":"W Fischle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fischle W, Wang Y, Jacobs SA, Kim Y, Allis CD, Khorasanizadeh S (2003) Molecular basis for the discrimination of repressive methyl-lysine marks in histone H3 by Polycomb and HP1 chromodomains. Genes Dev 17(15):1870\u20131881. doi: 10.1101\/gad.1110503","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"6905","key":"576_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01080","volume":"419","author":"H Santos-Rosa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Santos-Rosa H, Schneider R, Bannister AJ, Sherriff J, Bernstein BE, Emre NC, Schreiber SL, Mellor J, Kouzarides T (2002) Active genes are tri-methylated at K4 of histone H3. Nature 419(6905):407\u2013411. doi: 10.1038\/nature01080","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"576_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm179","volume":"16","author":"Y Kato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kato Y, Kaneda M, Hata K, Kumaki K, Hisano M, Kohara Y, Okano M, Li E, Nozaki M, Sasaki H (2007) Role of the Dnmt3 family in de novo methylation of imprinted and repetitive sequences during male germ cell development in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 16(19):2272\u20132280. doi: 10.1093\/hmg\/ddm179","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"7004","key":"576_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02886","volume":"431","author":"D Bourc\u2019his","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bourc\u2019his D, Bestor TH (2004) Meiotic catastrophe and retrotransposon reactivation in male germ cells lacking Dnmt3L. Nature 431(7004):96\u201399. doi: 10.1038\/nature02886","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6994","key":"576_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02633","volume":"429","author":"M Kaneda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaneda M, Okano M, Hata K, Sado T, Tsujimoto N, Li E, Sasaki H (2004) Essential role for de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in paternal and maternal imprinting. Nature 429(6994):900\u2013903. doi: 10.1038\/nature02633","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"576_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-7-104","volume":"7","author":"S Salle La","year":"2007","unstructured":"La Salle S, Oakes CC, Neaga OR, Bourc\u2019his D, Bestor TH, Trasler JM (2007) Loss of spermatogonia and wide-spread DNA methylation defects in newborn male mice deficient in DNMT3L. BMC Dev Biol 7:104. doi: 10.1186\/1471-213X-7-104","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"key":"576_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25004","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25004","volume":"6","author":"L Daxinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daxinger L, Oey H, Isbel L, Whitelaw NC, Youngson NA, Spurling A, Vonk KK, Whitelaw E (2016) Hypomethylation of ERVs in the sperm of mice haploinsufficient for the histone methyltransferase Setdb1 correlates with a paternal effect on phenotype. Sci Rep 6:25004. doi: 10.1038\/srep25004","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"18","key":"576_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.244848.114","volume":"28","author":"S Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu S, Brind\u2019Amour J, Karimi MM, Shirane K, Bogutz A, Lefebvre L, Sasaki H, Shinkai Y, Lorincz MC (2014) Setdb1 is required for germline development and silencing of H3K9me3-marked endogenous retroviruses in primordial germ cells. Genes Dev 28(18):2041\u20132055. doi: 10.1101\/gad.244848.114","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.025","volume":"164","author":"K Dalgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dalgaard K, Landgraf K, Heyne S, Lempradl A, Longinotto J, Gossens K, Ruf M, Orthofer M, Strogantsev R, Selvaraj M, Lu TT, Casas E, Teperino R, Surani MA, Zvetkova I, Rimmington D, Tung YC, Lam B, Larder R, Yeo GS, O\u2019Rahilly S, Vavouri T, Whitelaw E, Penninger JM, Jenuwein T, Cheung CL, Ferguson-Smith AC, Coll AP, Korner A, Pospisilik JA (2016) Trim28 haploinsufficiency triggers bi-stable epigenetic obesity. Cell 164(3):353\u2013364. doi: 10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"18","key":"576_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.094037","volume":"141","author":"EM Weick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weick EM, Miska EA (2014) piRNAs: from biogenesis to function. Development 141(18):3458\u20133471. doi: 10.1242\/dev.094037","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"18","key":"576_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.246124.114","volume":"28","author":"W Mu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mu W, Starmer J, Fedoriw AM, Yee D, Magnuson T (2014) Repression of the soma-specific transcriptome by Polycomb-repressive complex 2 promotes male germ cell development. Genes Dev 28(18):2056\u20132069. doi: 10.1101\/gad.246124.114","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"576_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.012","volume":"45","author":"K Hogg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hogg K, Western PS (2015) Refurbishing the germline epigenome: out with the old, in with the new. Semin Cell Dev Biol 45:104\u2013113. doi: 10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.012","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"40","key":"576_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315204110","volume":"110","author":"BJ Lesch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lesch BJ, Dokshin GA, Young RA, McCarrey JR, Page DC (2013) A set of genes critical to development is epigenetically poised in mouse germ cells from fetal stages through completion of meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(40):16061\u201316066. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1315204110","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7254","key":"576_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08162","volume":"460","author":"SS Hammoud","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hammoud SS, Nix DA, Zhang H, Purwar J, Carrell DT, Cairns BR (2009) Distinctive chromatin in human sperm packages genes for embryo development. Nature 460(7254):473\u2013478. doi: 10.1038\/nature08162","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1821","volume":"17","author":"U Brykczynska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brykczynska U, Hisano M, Erkek S, Ramos L, Oakeley EJ, Roloff TC, Beisel C, Schubeler D, Stadler MB, Peters AH (2010) Repressive and active histone methylation mark distinct promoters in human and mouse spermatozoa. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17(6):679\u2013687. doi: 10.1038\/nsmb.1821","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"19","key":"576_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113027","volume":"141","author":"BJ Lesch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lesch BJ, Page DC (2014) Poised chromatin in the mammalian germ line. Development 141(19):3619\u20133626. doi: 10.1242\/dev.113027","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2002.00524.x","volume":"34","author":"V Sonnack","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sonnack V, Failing K, Bergmann M, Steger K (2002) Expression of hyperacetylated histone H4 during normal and impaired human spermatogenesis. Andrologia 34(6):384\u2013390","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02859.x","volume":"25","author":"I Fenic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fenic I, Sonnack V, Failing K, Bergmann M, Steger K (2004) In vivo effects of histone-deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin-A on murine spermatogenesis. J Androl 25(5):811\u2013818","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"6261","key":"576_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aab2006","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2006","volume":"350","author":"K Siklenka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siklenka K, Erkek S, Godmann M, Lambrot R, McGraw S, Lafleur C, Cohen T, Xia J, Suderman M, Hallett M, Trasler J, Peters AH, Kimmins S (2015) Disruption of histone methylation in developing sperm impairs offspring health transgenerationally. Science 350(6261):aab2006. doi: 10.1126\/science.aab2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01960243","volume":"44","author":"R Balhorn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Balhorn R, Reed S, Tanphaichitr N (1988) Aberrant protamine 1\/protamine 2 ratios in sperm of infertile human males. Experientia 44(1):52\u201355","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des471","volume":"28","author":"N Rogenhofer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rogenhofer N, Dansranjavin T, Schorsch M, Spiess A, Wang H, von Schonfeldt V, Cappallo-Obermann H, Baukloh V, Yang H, Paradowska A, Chen B, Thaler CJ, Weidner W, Schuppe HC, Steger K (2013) The sperm protamine mRNA ratio as a clinical parameter to estimate the fertilizing potential of men taking part in an ART programme. Hum Reprod 28(4):969\u2013978. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/des471","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.09.010","volume":"94","author":"SS Hammoud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hammoud SS, Purwar J, Pflueger C, Cairns BR, Carrell DT (2010) Alterations in sperm DNA methylation patterns at imprinted loci in two classes of infertility. Fertil Steril 94(5):1728\u20131733. doi: 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.09.010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"576_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-009-9225-2","volume":"20","author":"JR Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver JR, Susiarjo M, Bartolomei MS (2009) Imprinting and epigenetic changes in the early embryo. Mamm Genome 20(9\u201310):532\u2013543. doi: 10.1007\/s00335-009-9225-2","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"576_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.07.006","volume":"43","author":"L Ly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ly L, Chan D, Trasler JM (2015) Developmental windows of susceptibility for epigenetic inheritance through the male germline. Semin Cell Dev Biol 43:96\u2013105. doi: 10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.07.006","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"576_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2174\/092986611795713925","volume":"18","author":"EL Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jones EL, Zalensky AO, Zalenskaya IA (2011) Protamine withdrawal from human sperm nuclei following heterologous ICSI into hamster oocytes. Protein Pept Lett 18(8):811\u2013816","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt031","volume":"19","author":"M Jodar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jodar M, Selvaraju S, Sendler E, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA, Reproductive Medicine N (2013) The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs. Hum Reprod Update 19(6):604\u2013624. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmt031","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.331","volume":"32","author":"S Kagiwada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kagiwada S, Kurimoto K, Hirota T, Yamaji M, Saitou M (2013) Replication-coupled passive DNA demethylation for the erasure of genome imprints in mice. EMBO J 32(3):340\u2013353. doi: 10.1038\/emboj.2012.331","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.08.012","volume":"104","author":"PW Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hill PW, Amouroux R, Hajkova P (2014) DNA demethylation, Tet proteins and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in epigenetic reprogramming: an emerging complex story. Genomics 104(5):324\u2013333. doi: 10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.08.012","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.09.004","volume":"28","author":"SA Smallwood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smallwood SA, Kelsey G (2012) De novo DNA methylation: a germ cell perspective. Trends Genet 28(1):33\u201342. doi: 10.1016\/j.tig.2011.09.004","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"7394","key":"576_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10960","volume":"484","author":"ZD Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith ZD, Chan MM, Mikkelsen TS, Gu H, Gnirke A, Regev A, Meissner A (2012) A unique regulatory phase of DNA methylation in the early mammalian embryo. Nature 484(7394):339\u2013344. doi: 10.1038\/nature10960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.11.001","volume":"48","author":"S Seisenberger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seisenberger S, Andrews S, Krueger F, Arand J, Walter J, Santos F, Popp C, Thienpont B, Dean W, Reik W (2012) The dynamics of genome-wide DNA methylation reprogramming in mouse primordial germ cells. Mol Cell 48(6):849\u2013862. doi: 10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.11.001","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"576_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082671pw","volume":"53","author":"P Western","year":"2009","unstructured":"Western P (2009) Foetal germ cells: striking the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. Int J Dev Biol 53(2\u20133):393\u2013409. doi: 10.1387\/ijdb.082671pw","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.11.025","volume":"278","author":"Y Seki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seki Y, Hayashi K, Itoh K, Mizugaki M, Saitou M, Matsui Y (2005) Extensive and orderly reprogramming of genome-wide chromatin modifications associated with specification and early development of germ cells in mice. Dev Biol 278(2):440\u2013458. doi: 10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.11.025","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2004.08.012","volume":"84","author":"JY Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li JY, Lees-Murdock DJ, Xu GL, Walsh CP (2004) Timing of establishment of paternal methylation imprints in the mouse. Genomics 84(6):952\u2013960. doi: 10.1016\/j.ygeno.2004.08.012","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0173","volume":"140","author":"P Arnaud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnaud P (2010) Genomic imprinting in germ cells: imprints are under control. Reproduction 140(3):411\u2013423. doi: 10.1530\/REP-10-0173","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"9","key":"576_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046036","volume":"7","author":"K Mochizuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mochizuki K, Tachibana M, Saitou M, Tokitake Y, Matsui Y (2012) Implication of DNA demethylation and bivalent histone modification for selective gene regulation in mouse primordial germ cells. PLoS One 7(9):e46036. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0046036","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.04.032","volume":"3","author":"M Sachs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sachs M, Onodera C, Blaschke K, Ebata KT, Song JS, Ramalho-Santos M (2013) Bivalent chromatin marks developmental regulatory genes in the mouse embryonic germline in vivo. Cell Rep 3(6):1777\u20131784. doi: 10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.04.032","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2599","volume":"20","author":"S Erkek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erkek S, Hisano M, Liang CY, Gill M, Murr R, Dieker J, Schubeler D, van der Vlag J, Stadler MB, Peters AH (2013) Molecular determinants of nucleosome retention at CpG-rich sequences in mouse spermatozoa. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20(7):868\u2013875. doi: 10.1038\/nsmb.2599","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.05.023","volume":"30","author":"B Samans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Samans B, Yang Y, Krebs S, Sarode GV, Blum H, Reichenbach M, Wolf E, Steger K, Dansranjavin T, Schagdarsurengin U (2014) Uniformity of nucleosome preservation pattern in mammalian sperm and its connection to repetitive DNA elements. Dev Cell 30(1):23\u201335. doi: 10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.05.023","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"576_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7783-9_4","volume":"791","author":"JR Gannon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gannon JR, Emery BR, Jenkins TG, Carrell DT (2014) The sperm epigenome: implications for the embryo. Adv Exp Med Biol 791:53\u201366. doi: 10.1007\/978-1-4614-7783-9_4","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-7-2","volume":"7","author":"AM Brunner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brunner AM, Nanni P, Mansuy IM (2014) Epigenetic marking of sperm by post-translational modification of histones and protamines. Epigenetics Chromatin 7(1):2. doi: 10.1186\/1756-8935-7-2","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"issue":"8","key":"576_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094953.109","volume":"19","author":"A Arpanahi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arpanahi A, Brinkworth M, Iles D, Krawetz SA, Paradowska A, Platts AE, Saida M, Steger K, Tedder P, Miller D (2009) Endonuclease-sensitive regions of human spermatozoal chromatin are highly enriched in promoter and CTCF binding sequences. Genome Res 19(8):1338\u20131349. doi: 10.1101\/gr.094953.109","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.05.024","volume":"30","author":"BR Carone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carone BR, Hung JH, Hainer SJ, Chou MT, Carone DM, Weng Z, Fazzio TG, Rando OJ (2014) High-resolution mapping of chromatin packaging in mouse embryonic stem cells and sperm. Dev Cell 30(1):11\u201322. doi: 10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.05.024","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"15","key":"576_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003","volume":"23","author":"RA Waterland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waterland RA, Jirtle RL (2003) Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 23(15):5293\u20135300","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"576_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.11.949","volume":"12","author":"GL Wolff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wolff GL, Kodell RL, Moore SR, Cooney CA (1998) Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy\/a mice. FASEB J 12(11):949\u2013957","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"576_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3889","volume":"4","author":"R Lambrot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lambrot R, Xu C, Saint-Phar S, Chountalos G, Cohen T, Paquet M, Suderman M, Hallett M, Kimmins S (2013) Low paternal dietary folate alters the mouse sperm epigenome and is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Nat Commun 4:2889. doi: 10.1038\/ncomms3889","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"576_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0155-4","volume":"7","author":"L Stuppia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stuppia L, Franzago M, Ballerini P, Gatta V, Antonucci I (2015) Epigenetics and male reproduction: the consequences of paternal lifestyle on fertility, embryo development, and children lifetime health. Clin Epigenetics 7:120. doi: 10.1186\/s13148-015-0155-4","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300113","volume":"36","author":"A Soubry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soubry A, Hoyo C, Jirtle RL, Murphy SK (2014) A paternal environmental legacy: evidence for epigenetic inheritance through the male germ line. Bioessays 36(4):359\u2013371. doi: 10.1002\/bies.201300113","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0067-7","volume":"2","author":"H Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu H, Hauser R, Krawetz SA, Pilsner JR (2015) Environmental susceptibility of the sperm epigenome during windows of male germ cell development. Curr Environ Health Rep 2(4):356\u2013366. doi: 10.1007\/s40572-015-0067-7","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.05.002","volume":"307","author":"CC Oakes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oakes CC, La Salle S, Smiraglia DJ, Robaire B, Trasler JM (2007) Developmental acquisition of genome-wide DNA methylation occurs prior to meiosis in male germ cells. Dev Biol 307(2):368\u2013379. doi: 10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.05.002","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607521104","volume":"104","author":"CC Oakes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oakes CC, La Salle S, Smiraglia DJ, Robaire B, Trasler JM (2007) A unique configuration of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in the testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(1):228\u2013233. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0607521104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"576_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12216","author":"K Ni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ni K, Spiess AN, Schuppe HC, Steger K (2016) The impact of sperm protamine deficiency and sperm DNA damage on human male fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology. doi: 10.1111\/andr.12216","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"9","key":"576_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.97","volume":"10","author":"A Juul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Juul A, Almstrup K, Andersson AM, Jensen TK, Jorgensen N, Main KM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE (2014) Possible fetal determinants of male infertility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10(9):553\u2013562. doi: 10.1038\/nrendo.2014.97","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","volume":"96","author":"NE Skakkebaek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Buck Louis GM, Toppari J, Andersson AM, Eisenberg ML, Jensen TK, Jorgensen N, Swan SH, Sapra KJ, Ziebe S, Priskorn L, Juul A (2016) Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol Rev 96(1):55\u201397. doi: 10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9337-4","volume":"16","author":"MF Sweeney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sweeney MF, Hasan N, Soto AM, Sonnenschein C (2015) Environmental endocrine disruptors: effects on the human male reproductive system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 16(4):341\u2013357. doi: 10.1007\/s11154-016-9337-4","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.06.016","volume":"78","author":"C Dupont","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dupont C, Cordier AG, Junien C, Mandon-Pepin B, Levy R, Chavatte-Palmer P (2012) Maternal environment and the reproductive function of the offspring. Theriogenology 78(7):1405\u20131414. doi: 10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.06.016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"12","key":"576_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0640","volume":"147","author":"MD Anway","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anway MD, Leathers C, Skinner MK (2006) Endocrine disruptor vinclozolin induced epigenetic transgenerational adult-onset disease. Endocrinology 147(12):5515\u20135523. doi: 10.1210\/en.2006-0640","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm069","volume":"99","author":"KL Howdeshell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Howdeshell KL, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Wilson VS, Gray LE Jr (2007) Cumulative effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes. Toxicol Sci 99(1):190\u2013202. doi: 10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm069","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00816.x","volume":"31","author":"GR Hutchison","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hutchison GR, Sharpe RM, Mahood IK, Jobling M, Walker M, McKinnell C, Mason JI, Scott HM (2008) The origins and time of appearance of focal testicular dysgenesis in an animal model of testicular dysgenesis syndrome: evidence for delayed testis development? Int J Androl 31(2):103\u2013111. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00816.x","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"576_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2010.511579","volume":"73","author":"TS Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim TS, Jung KK, Kim SS, Kang IH, Baek JH, Nam HS, Hong SK, Lee BM, Hong JT, Oh KW, Kim HS, Han SY, Kang TS (2010) Effects of in utero exposure to DI(n-Butyl) phthalate on development of male reproductive tracts in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73(21\u201322):1544\u20131559. doi: 10.1080\/15287394.2010.511579","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0266","volume":"144","author":"GR Klinefelter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klinefelter GR, Laskey JW, Winnik WM, Suarez JD, Roberts NL, Strader LF, Riffle BW, Veeramachaneni DN (2012) Novel molecular targets associated with testicular dysgenesis induced by gestational exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate in the rat: a role for estradiol. Reproduction 144(6):747\u2013761. doi: 10.1530\/REP-12-0266","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055387","volume":"8","author":"M Manikkam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK (2013) Plastics derived endocrine disruptors (BPA, DEHP and DBP) induce epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity, reproductive disease and sperm epimutations. PLoS One 8(1):e55387. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0055387","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"576_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1077","volume":"156","author":"FM Abdel-Maksoud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdel-Maksoud FM, Leasor KR, Butzen K, Braden TD, Akingbemi BT (2015) Prenatal exposures of male rats to the environmental chemicals bisphenol a and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate impact the sexual differentiation process. Endocrinology 156(12):4672\u20134683. doi: 10.1210\/en.2015-1077","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-015-0199-7","volume":"70","author":"AC Kalb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalb AC, Kalb AL, Cardoso TF, Fernandes CG, Corcini CD, Junior AS, Martinez PE (2016) Maternal transfer of bisphenol a during nursing causes sperm impairment in male offspring. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 70(4):793\u2013801. doi: 10.1007\/s00244-015-0199-7","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800058","volume":"117","author":"CM Small","year":"2009","unstructured":"Small CM, DeCaro JJ, Terrell ML, Dominguez C, Cameron LL, Wirth J, Marcus M (2009) Maternal exposure to a brominated flame retardant and genitourinary conditions in male offspring. Environ Health Perspect 117(7):1175\u20131179. doi: 10.1289\/ehp.0800058","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000198","volume":"26","author":"MS Jensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jensen MS, Anand-Ivell R, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Jonsson BA, Bonde JP, Hougaard DM, Cohen A, Lindh CH, Ivell R, Toft G (2015) Amniotic fluid phthalate levels and male fetal gonad function. Epidemiology 26(1):91\u201399. doi: 10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000198","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"576_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der283","volume":"26","author":"L Gaspari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gaspari L, Paris F, Jandel C, Kalfa N, Orsini M, Daures JP, Sultan C (2011) Prenatal environmental risk factors for genital malformations in a population of 1442 French male newborns: a nested case-control study. Hum Reprod 26(11):3155\u20133162. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/der283","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"576_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-100","volume":"10","author":"P Gabel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gabel P, Jensen MS, Andersen HR, Baelum J, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP, Toft G (2011) The risk of cryptorchidism among sons of women working in horticulture in Denmark: a cohort study. Environ Health 10:100. doi: 10.1186\/1476-069X-10-100","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103936","volume":"120","author":"B Trabert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trabert B, Longnecker MP, Brock JW, Klebanoff MA, McGlynn KA (2012) Maternal pregnancy levels of trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane and prevalence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias in boys. Environ Health Perspect 120(3):478\u2013482. doi: 10.1289\/ehp.1103936","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.08.010","volume":"34","author":"M Manikkam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK (2012) Pesticide and insect repellent mixture (permethrin and DEET) induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and sperm epimutations. Reprod Toxicol 34(4):708\u2013719. doi: 10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.08.010","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080812","volume":"82","author":"S Ohsako","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ohsako S, Fukuzawa N, Ishimura R, Kawakami T, Wu Q, Nagano R, Zaha H, Sone H, Yonemoto J, Tohyama C (2010) Comparative contribution of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene to perinatal stage development and dioxin-induced toxicity between the urogenital complex and testis in the mouse. Biol Reprod 82(3):636\u2013643. doi: 10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080812","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.01.016","volume":"37","author":"L Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang L, Dong L, Ding S, Qiao P, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang L, Du Q, Li Y, Tang N, Chang B (2014) Effects of n-butylparaben on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis through changed E(2) levels in male rat offspring. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 37(2):705\u2013717. doi: 10.1016\/j.etap.2014.01.016","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"576_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep325","volume":"24","author":"K Strandberg-Larsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strandberg-Larsen K, Jensen MS, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Gronbaek M, Olsen J (2009) Alcohol binge drinking during pregnancy and cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod 24(12):3211\u20133219. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/dep325","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"9","key":"576_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq140","volume":"25","author":"CH Ramlau-Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramlau-Hansen CH, Toft G, Jensen MS, Strandberg-Larsen K, Hansen ML, Olsen J (2010) Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and semen quality in the male offspring: two decades of follow-up. Hum Reprod 25(9):2340\u20132345. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/deq140","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283537cb8","volume":"19","author":"HE Virtanen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Virtanen HE, Sadov S, Toppari J (2012) Prenatal exposure to smoking and male reproductive health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 19(3):228\u2013232. doi: 10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283537cb8","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"12","key":"576_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu235","volume":"29","author":"AP Sobinoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sobinoff AP, Sutherland JM, Beckett EL, Stanger SJ, Johnson R, Jarnicki AG, McCluskey A, St John JC, Hansbro PM, McLaughlin EA (2014) Damaging legacy: maternal cigarette smoking has long-term consequences for male offspring fertility. Hum Reprod 29(12):2719\u20132735. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/deu235","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"576_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-37","volume":"8","author":"JR Palmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Palmer JR, Herbst AL, Noller KL, Boggs DA, Troisi R, Titus-Ernstoff L, Hatch EE, Wise LA, Strohsnitter WC, Hoover RN (2009) Urogenital abnormalities in men exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Environ Health 8:37. doi: 10.1186\/1476-069X-8-37","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq323","volume":"26","author":"DM Kristensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kristensen DM, Hass U, Lesne L, Lottrup G, Jacobsen PR, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Boberg J, Petersen JH, Toppari J, Jensen TK, Brunak S, Skakkebaek NE, Nellemann C, Main KM, Jegou B, Leffers H (2011) Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat. Hum Reprod 26(1):235\u2013244. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/deq323","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093311","volume":"9","author":"PB Comish","year":"2014","unstructured":"Comish PB, Drumond AL, Kinnell HL, Anderson RA, Matin A, Meistrich ML, Shetty G (2014) Fetal cyclophosphamide exposure induces testicular cancer and reduced spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle numbers in mice. PLoS One 9(4):e93311. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0093311","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062556","volume":"8","author":"A Dean","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dean A, Mungall W, McKinnell C, Sharpe RM (2013) Prostaglandins, masculinization and its disorders: effects of fetal exposure of the rat to the cyclooxygenase inhibitor- indomethacin. PLoS One 8(5):e62556. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0062556","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"576_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedrana G, Viotti H, Lombide P, Sanguinetti G, Pino C, Cavestany D, Sloboda DM, Martin GB (2016) In utero betamethasone affects 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and inhibin-alpha immunoexpression during testis development. J Dev Orig Health Dis:1\u20138. doi:10.1017\/S2040174416000118","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000118"},{"key":"576_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2015.12.e2015013","author":"K Tertti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tertti K, Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Sadov S, Ronnemaa T (2016) Metformin treatment does not affect testicular size in offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. doi: 10.1900\/RDS.2015.12.e2015013","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.59.238","volume":"59","author":"K Yamada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yamada K, Maeda N, Noguchi J, Yamada H, Morinaga E, Yatake H, Yamamoto Y, Tadokoro T, Kawata T (2013) Influences of maternal B12 and methionine intake during gestation and lactation on testicular development of offspring in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 59(3):238\u2013242","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"6","key":"576_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0006","volume":"145","author":"MP Recabarren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Recabarren MP, Rojas-Garcia PP, Einspanier R, Padmanabhan V, Sir-Petermann T, Recabarren SE (2013) Pituitary and testis responsiveness of young male sheep exposed to testosterone excess during fetal development. Reproduction 145(6):567\u2013576. doi: 10.1530\/REP-13-0006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"576_CR147","unstructured":"WHO (2010) WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, vol 5th edition"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR148","first-page":"117","volume":"65","author":"F Wagenlehner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wagenlehner F, Pilatz A, Linn T, Diemer T, Schuppe HC, Schagdarsurengin U, Hossain H, Meinhardt A, Ellem S, Risbridger G, Weidner W (2013) Prostatitis and andrological implications. Minerva Urol Nefrol 65(2):117\u2013123","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nefrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.12.005","volume":"68","author":"A Pilatz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pilatz A, Hossain H, Kaiser R, Mankertz A, Schuttler CG, Domann E, Schuppe HC, Chakraborty T, Weidner W, Wagenlehner F (2015) Acute epididymitis revisited: impact of molecular diagnostics on etiology and contemporary guideline recommendations. Eur Urol 68(3):428\u2013435. doi: 10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.12.005","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0726-8","volume":"30","author":"A Rusz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rusz A, Pilatz A, Wagenlehner F, Linn T, Diemer T, Schuppe HC, Lohmeyer J, Hossain H, Weidner W (2012) Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility. World J Urol 30(1):23\u201330. doi: 10.1007\/s00345-011-0726-8","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12239","volume":"47","author":"A Pilatz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pilatz A, Ceylan I, Schuppe HC, Ludwig M, Fijak M, Chakraborty T, Weidner W, Bergmann M, Wagenlehner F (2015) Experimental Escherichia coli epididymitis in rats: assessment of testicular involvement in a long-term follow-up. Andrologia 47(2):160\u2013167. doi: 10.1111\/and.12239","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198407000-00012","volume":"11","author":"JN Krieger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Krieger JN (1984) Epididymitis, orchitis, and related conditions. Sex Transm Dis 11(3):173\u2013181","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207780749754","volume":"18","author":"C Emerson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Emerson C, Dinsmore WW, Quah SP (2007) Are we missing mumps epididymo-orchitis? Int J STD AIDS 18(5):341\u2013342. doi: 10.1258\/095646207780749754","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00252.x","volume":"84","author":"JH Eickhoff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eickhoff JH, Frimodt-Moller N, Walter S, Frimodt-Moller C (1999) A double-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre study to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin with pivampicillin as oral therapy for epididymitis in men over 40 years of age. BJU Int 84(7):827\u2013834","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.110379","volume":"89","author":"T Lang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lang T, Dechant M, Sanchez V, Wistuba J, Boiani M, Pilatz A, Stammler A, Middendorff R, Schuler G, Bhushan S, Tchatalbachev S, Wubbeling F, Burger M, Chakraborty T, Mallidis C, Meinhardt A (2013) Structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa is compromised as a consequence of acute uropathogenic E. coli-associated epididymitis. Biol Reprod 89(3):59. doi: 10.1095\/biolreprod.113.110379","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000474759","volume":"22","author":"W Hoppner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoppner W, Strohmeyer T, Hartmann M, Lopez-Gamarra D, Dreikorn K (1992) Surgical treatment of acute epididymitis and its underlying diseases. Eur Urol 22(3):218\u2013221","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052919","volume":"8","author":"Y Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu Y, Bhushan S, Tchatalbachev S, Marconi M, Bergmann M, Weidner W, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A (2013) Necrosis is the dominant cell death pathway in uropathogenic Escherichia coli elicited epididymo-orchitis and is responsible for damage of rat testis. PLoS One 8(1):e52919. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0052919","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5603\/fhc.a2015.0019","volume":"53","author":"M Fraczek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fraczek M, Kurpisz M (2015) Mechanisms of the harmful effects of bacterial semen infection on ejaculated human spermatozoa: potential inflammatory markers in semen. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 53(3):201\u2013217. doi: 10.5603\/fhc.a2015.0019","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12284","volume":"72","author":"M Piasecka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piasecka M, Fraczek M, Gaczarzewicz D, Gill K, Szumala-Kakol A, Kazienko A, Laszczynska M, Lenart S, Beutin L, Kurpisz M (2014) Novel morphological findings of human sperm removal by leukocytes in in vivo and in vitro conditions: preliminary study. Am J Reprod Immunol 72(4):348\u2013358. doi: 10.1111\/aji.12284","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1996.tb00475.x","volume":"19","author":"T Diemer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Diemer T, Weidner W, Michelmann HW, Schiefer HG, Rovan E, Mayer F (1996) Influence of Escherichia coli on motility parameters of human spermatozoa in vitro. Int J Androl 19(5):271\u2013277","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"576_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082696hf","volume":"52","author":"HM Florman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Florman HM, Jungnickel MK, Sutton KA (2008) Regulating the acrosome reaction. Int J Dev Biol 52(5\u20136):503\u2013510. doi: 10.1387\/ijdb.082696hf","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"576_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.01.010","volume":"14","author":"DW Hilbert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hilbert DW, Paulish-Miller TE, Tan CK, Carey AJ, Ulett GC, Mordechai E, Adelson ME, Gygax SE, Trama JP (2012) Clinical Escherichia coli isolates utilize alpha-hemolysin to inhibit in vitro epithelial cytokine production. Microbes infect Inst Pasteur 14(7\u20138):628\u2013638. doi: 10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.01.010","journal-title":"Microbes infect Inst Pasteur"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.2.309-333.1998","volume":"62","author":"P Stanley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stanley P, Koronakis V, Hughes C (1998) Acylation of Escherichia coli hemolysin: a unique protein lipidation mechanism underlying toxin function. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(2):309\u2013333","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq116","volume":"25","author":"BE Speyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Speyer BE, Pizzey AR, Ranieri M, Joshi R, Delhanty JD, Serhal P (2010) Fall in implantation rates following ICSI with sperm with high DNA fragmentation. Hum Reprod 25(7):1609\u20131618. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/deq116","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"10","key":"576_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des261","volume":"27","author":"L Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robinson L, Gallos ID, Conner SJ, Rajkhowa M, Miller D, Lewis S, Kirkman-Brown J, Coomarasamy A (2012) The effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on miscarriage rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 27(10):2908\u20132917. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/des261","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950160409","volume":"16","author":"J Aitken","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aitken J, Fisher H (1994) Reactive oxygen species generation and human spermatozoa: the balance of benefit and risk. Bioessays 16(4):259\u2013267. doi: 10.1002\/bies.950160409","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1059","volume":"98","author":"V Sanchez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanchez V, Redmann K, Wistuba J, Wubbeling F, Burger M, Oldenhof H, Wolkers WF, Kliesch S, Schlatt S, Mallidis C (2012) Oxidative DNA damage in human sperm can be detected by Raman microspectroscopy. Fertil Steril 98(5):1124\u20131129 e1121-1123. doi: 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1059","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.076836","volume":"81","author":"GN Iuliis De","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Iuliis GN, Thomson LK, Mitchell LA, Finnie JM, Koppers AJ, Hedges A, Nixon B, Aitken RJ (2009) DNA damage in human spermatozoa is highly correlated with the efficiency of chromatin remodeling and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress. Biol Reprod 81(3):517\u2013524. doi: 10.1095\/biolreprod.109.076836","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00864.x","volume":"40","author":"JP Allam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allam JP, Fronhoffs F, Fathy A, Novak N, Oltermann I, Bieber T, Schuppe HC, Haidl G (2008) High percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa in ejaculates from men with chronic genital tract inflammation. Andrologia 40(5):329\u2013334. doi: 10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00864.x","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"576_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00837.x","volume":"40","author":"HC Schuppe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuppe HC, Meinhardt A, Allam JP, Bergmann M, Weidner W, Haidl G (2008) Chronic orchitis: a neglected cause of male infertility? Andrologia 40(2):84\u201391","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.08.011","volume":"23","author":"S Vignera La","year":"2012","unstructured":"La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, D\u2019Agata R, Calogero AE (2012) Sperm DNA damage in patients with chronic viral C hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 23(1):e19\u2013e24. doi: 10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.08.011","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.399","volume":"5","author":"FR Ochsendorf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ochsendorf FR (1999) Infections in the male genital tract and reactive oxygen species. Hum Reprod Update 5(5):399\u2013420","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00863.x","volume":"35","author":"R Henkel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Henkel R, Maass G, Hajimohammad M, Menkveld R, Stalf T, Villegas J, Sanchez R, Kruger TF, Schill WB (2003) Urogenital inflammation: changes of leucocytes and ROS. Andrologia 35(5):309\u2013313","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"576_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.421","volume":"5","author":"W Weidner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weidner W, Krause W, Ludwig M (1999) Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update 5(5):421\u2013432","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.09.005","volume":"100","author":"M Fraczek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraczek M, Szumala-Kakol A, Dworacki G, Sanocka D, Kurpisz M (2013) In vitro reconstruction of inflammatory reaction in human semen: effect on sperm DNA fragmentation. J Reprod Immunol 100(1):76\u201385","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20110114","volume":"436","author":"AJ Koppers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koppers AJ, Mitchell LA, Wang P, Lin M, Aitken RJ (2011) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathway involvement in a truncated apoptotic cascade associated with motility loss and oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Biochem J 436(3):687\u2013698. doi: 10.1042\/BJ20110114","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"3","key":"576_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3186","volume":"14","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aitken RJ, Curry BJ (2011) Redox regulation of human sperm function: from the physiological control of sperm capacitation to the etiology of infertility and DNA damage in the germ line. Antioxid Redox Signal 14(3):367\u2013381. doi: 10.1089\/ars.2010.3186","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"4","key":"576_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep465","volume":"25","author":"CL Barratt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barratt CL, Aitken RJ, Bjorndahl L, Carrell DT, de Boer P, Kvist U, Lewis SE, Perreault SD, Perry MJ, Ramos L, Robaire B, Ward S, Zini A (2010) Sperm DNA: organization, protection and vulnerability: from basic science to clinical applications\u2014a position report. Hum Reprod 25(4):824\u2013838. doi: 10.1093\/humrep\/dep465","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"576_CR179","first-page":"155","volume":"534","author":"DX Xu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xu DX, Shen HM, Zhu QX, Chua L, Wang QN, Chia SE, Ong CN (2003) The associations among semen quality, oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa and concentrations of cadmium, lead and selenium in seminal plasma. Mutat Res 534(1\u20132):155\u2013163","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"576_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(03)00055-X","volume":"537","author":"DX Xu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xu DX, Zhu QX, Zheng LK, Wang QN, Shen HM, Deng LX, Ong CN (2003) Exposure to acrylonitrile induced DNA strand breakage and sex chromosome aneuploidy in human spermatozoa. Mutat Res 537(1):93\u2013100","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"576_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv569","volume":"213","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang M, Eisel F, Tchatalbachev S, Chakraborty T, Meinhardt A, Bhushan S (2016) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli epigenetically manipulate host cell death pathways. J Infect Dis 213(7):1198\u20131207. doi: 10.1093\/infdis\/jiv569","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-016-0576-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-016-0576-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-016-0576-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T12:15:21Z","timestamp":1600776921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-016-0576-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-016-0576-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]]}}}