{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:37:14Z","timestamp":1787243834125,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T10:02:51Z","timestamp":1538388171000},"page":"165-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Sex-related factors in autoimmune liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Schwinge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.04.007","volume":"45","author":"T Al-Chalabi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Chalabi T, Boccato S, Portmann BC, McFarlane IG, Heneghan MA (2006) Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the elderly: a systematic retrospective analysis of a large group of consecutive patients with definite AIH followed at a tertiary referral centre. J Hepatol 45:575\u2013583","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.08.013","volume":"48","author":"T Al-Chalabi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Chalabi T, Underhill JA, Portmann BC, McFarlane IG, Heneghan MA (2008) Impact of gender on the long-term outcome and survival of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 48:140\u2013147","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34741","volume":"36","author":"D Alvaro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alvaro D, Onori P, Metalli VD, Svegliati-Baroni G, Folli F, Franchitto A, Alpini G et al (2002) Intracellular pathways mediating estrogen-induced cholangiocyte proliferation in the rat. Hepatology 36:297\u2013304","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.022","volume":"41","author":"D Alvaro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alvaro D, Invernizzi P, Onori P, Franchitto A, De Santis A, Crosignani A, Sferra R et al (2004) Estrogen receptors in cholangiocytes and the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 41:905\u2013912","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.09.004","volume":"78","author":"V Bachy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bachy V, Williams DJ, Ibrahim MA (2008) Altered dendritic cell function in normal pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 78:11\u201321","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28641","volume":"64","author":"HR Bae","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae HR, Leung PS, Tsuneyama K, Valencia JC, Hodge DL, Kim S, Back T et al (2016) Chronic expression of interferon-gamma leads to murine autoimmune cholangitis with a female predominance. Hepatology 64:1189\u20131201","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29524","volume":"67","author":"HR Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae HR, Hodge DL, Yang GX, Leung PSC, Chodisetti SB, Valencia JC, Sanford M et al (2018) The interplay of type I and type II interferons in murine autoimmune cholangitis as a basis for sex-biased autoimmunity. Hepatology 67:1408\u20131419","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.1.35","volume":"162","author":"BF Bebo Jr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bebo BF Jr, Schuster JC, Vandenbark AA, Offner H (1999) Androgens alter the cytokine profile and reduce encephalitogenicity of myelin-reactive T cells. J Immunol 162:35\u201340","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01332","volume":"9","author":"O Bereshchenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bereshchenko O, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C (2018) Glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and immunity. Front Immunol 9:1332","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.025","volume":"56","author":"K Boonstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boonstra K, Beuers U, Ponsioen CY (2012) Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: a systematic review. J Hepatol 56:1181\u20131188","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26565","volume":"58","author":"K Boonstra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, Rauws EA, Spanier BW, Poen AC, van Nieuwkerk KM et al (2013) Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 58:2045\u20132055","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.041","volume":"13","author":"CL Bowlus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME (2014) The diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Autoimmun Rev. 13:441\u2013444","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"715_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1366","volume":"90","author":"TH Brix","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brix TH, Knudsen GP, Kristiansen M, Kyvik KO, Orstavik KH, Hegedus L (2005) High frequency of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in females with autoimmune thyroid disease: a possible explanation for the female predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5949\u20135953","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"715_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07124.x","volume":"97","author":"E Buchel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buchel E, Van Steenbergen W, Nevens F, Fevery J (2002) Improvement of autoimmune hepatitis during pregnancy followed by flare-up after delivery. Am J Gastroenterol 97:3160\u20133165","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/512624","volume":"27","author":"KW Burak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burak KW, Swain MG, Santodomingo-Garzon T, Lee SS, Urbanski SJ, Aspinall AI, Coffin CS et al (2013) Rituximab for the treatment of patients with autoimmune hepatitis who are refractory or intolerant to standard therapy. Can J Gastroenterol 27:273\u2013280","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.12.005","volume":"144","author":"M Carbone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carbone M, Mells GF, Pells G, Dawwas MF, Newton JL, Heneghan MA, Neuberger JM et al (2013) Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 144:560\u2013569 e567; quiz e513\u2013564","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"715_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.09.020","volume":"60","author":"M Carbone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carbone M, Neuberger JM (2014) Autoimmune liver disease, autoimmunity and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 60:210\u2013223","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29625","volume":"67","author":"M Carbone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carbone M, Bonato G, Invernizzi P (2018) Female preponderance of primary biliary cholangitis is all about our understanding of its autoimmune nature. Hepatology 67:1210\u20131212","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03479","volume":"434","author":"L Carrel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carrel L, Willard HF (2005) X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature 434:400\u2013404","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"715_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/426430","volume":"26","author":"N Chandok","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chandok N, Hirschfield GM (2012) Management of primary sclerosing cholangitis: conventions and controversies. Can J Gastroenterol 26:261\u2013268","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR21","first-page":"1232","volume":"2018","author":"JC Chang","year":"1864","unstructured":"Chang JC, Go S, Verhoeven AJ, Beuers U, Oude Elferink RPJ (1864) Role of the bicarbonate-responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase in cholangiocyte apoptosis in primary biliary cholangitis; a new hypothesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2018:1232\u20131239","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"715_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.04.001","volume":"26","author":"YH Chuang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chuang YH, Lian ZX, Tsuneyama K, Chiang BL, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME (2006) Increased killing activity and decreased cytokine production in NK cells in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 26:232\u2013240","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1386.043","volume":"1089","author":"M Cutolo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Capellino S, Sulli A, Serioli B, Secchi ME, Villaggio B, Straub RH (2006) Estrogens and autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1089:538\u2013547","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"715_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05921.x","volume":"97","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2002","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Donaldson PT (2002) Gender effects and synergisms with histocompatibility leukocyte antigens in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2051\u20132057","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21074","volume":"43","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2006","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA (2006) Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Hepatology 43:532\u2013538","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.048","volume":"6","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czaja AJ (2008) Genetic factors affecting the occurrence, clinical phenotype, and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:379\u2013388","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07667.x","volume":"876","author":"P Agostino D\u2019","year":"1999","unstructured":"D\u2019 Agostino P, Milano S, Barbera C, Di Bella G, La Rosa M, Ferlazzo V, Farruggio R et al (1999) Sex hormones modulate inflammatory mediators produced by macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sci 876:426\u2013429","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"715_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28363","volume":"63","author":"PA Dawson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dawson PA (2016) Toxic bile and sclerosing cholangitis: Is there a role for pharmacological interruption of the bile acid enterohepatic circulation? Hepatology 63:363\u2013364","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.5050","volume":"175","author":"L Delpy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Delpy L, Douin-Echinard V, Garidou L, Bruand C, Saoudi A, Guery JC (2005) Estrogen enhances susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by promoting type 1-polarized immune responses. J Immunol 175:5050\u20135057","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130415","volume":"13","author":"PT Donaldson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Donaldson PT, Doherty DG, Hayllar KM, McFarlane IG, Johnson PJ, Williams R (1991) Susceptibility to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors. Hepatology 13:701\u2013706","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29533","volume":"67","author":"O Erice","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erice O, Munoz-Garrido P, Vaquero J, Perugorria MJ, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Saez E, Santos-Laso A et al (2018) MicroRNA-506 promotes primary biliary cholangitis-like features in cholangiocytes and immune activation. Hepatology 67:1420\u20131440","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.030","volume":"63","author":"European Association for the Study of the L","year":"2015","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the L (2015) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 63:971\u20131004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.022","volume":"67","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2017","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2017) Electronic address eee, European Association for the Study of the L. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: the diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis. J Hepatol 67:145\u2013172","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20732","volume":"42","author":"JJ Feld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feld JJ, Dinh H, Arenovich T, Marcus VA, Wanless IR, Heathcote EJ (2005) Autoimmune hepatitis: effect of symptoms and cirrhosis on natural history and outcome. Hepatology 42:53\u201362","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i1.1","volume":"18","author":"B Fosby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fosby B, Karlsen TH, Melum E (2012) Recurrence and rejection in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 18:1\u201315","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem342","volume":"47","author":"C Gordon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gordon C, Wallace DJ, Shinada S, Kalunian KC, Forbess L, Braunstein GD, Weisman MH (2008) Testosterone patches in the management of patients with mild\/moderate systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47:334\u2013338","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"715_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.020","volume":"60","author":"L Gronbaek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gronbaek L, Vilstrup H, Jepsen P (2014) Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. A nationwide registry-based cohort study. J Hepatol 60:612\u2013617","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.07.001","volume":"46","author":"J Henao-Mejia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Thaiss CA, Licona-Limon P, Flavell RA (2013) Role of the intestinal microbiome in liver disease. J Autoimmun 46:66\u201373","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.1.97","volume":"48","author":"MA Heneghan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heneghan MA, Norris SM, O\u2019Grady JG, Harrison PM, McFarlane IG (2001) Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis. Gut 48:97\u2013102","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991","volume":"35","author":"MA Heneghan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heneghan MA, McFarlane IG (2002) Current and novel immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 35:7\u201313","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62163-1","volume":"382","author":"MA Heneghan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heneghan MA, Yeoman AD, Verma S, Smith AD, Longhi MS (2013) Autoimmune hepatitis. Lancet 382:1433\u20131444","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"715_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.09.002","volume":"66","author":"EK Henriksen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henriksen EK, Jorgensen KK, Kaveh F, Holm K, Hamm D, Olweus J, Melum E et al (2017) Gut and liver T-cells of common clonal origin in primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease. J Hepatol 66:116\u2013122","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810440","volume":"360","author":"GM Hirschfield","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirschfield GM, Liu X, Xu C, Lu Y, Xie G, Lu Y, Gu X et al (2009) Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA, IL12A, and IL12RB2 variants. N Engl J Med 360:2544\u20132555","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"715_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60096-3","volume":"382","author":"GM Hirschfield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hirschfield GM, Karlsen TH, Lindor KD, Adams DH (2013) Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Lancet 382:1587\u20131599","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"715_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00040-4","volume":"34","author":"P Invernizzi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Invernizzi P, Podda M, Battezzati PM, Crosignani A, Zuin M, Hitchman E, Maggioni M et al (2001) Autoantibodies against nuclear pore complexes are associated with more active and severe liver disease in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 34:366\u2013372","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15541-4","volume":"363","author":"P Invernizzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Battezzati PM, Bianchi I, Grati FR, Simoni G, Selmi C et al (2004) Frequency of monosomy X in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 363:533\u2013535","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"715_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00223.x","volume":"37","author":"P Invernizzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Invernizzi P (2007) Role of X chromosome defects in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 37(Suppl 3):S384\u2013S388","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"715_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01047.x","volume":"252","author":"Y Izumi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Izumi Y, Kaneko A, Oku K, Kimura M, Tanaka S, Tada H, Tatsumi K et al (2002) Development of liver dysfunction after delivery is possibly due to postpartum autoimmune hepatitis. A report of three cases. J Intern Med 252:361\u2013367","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"715_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.154","volume":"14","author":"X Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang X, Karlsen TH (2017) Genetics of primary sclerosing cholangitis and pathophysiological implications. Nat Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:279\u2013295","journal-title":"Nat Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2011.e55","volume":"1","author":"CQ Kammeijer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kammeijer CQ, De Man RA, De Groot CJ (2011) Primary sclerosing cholangitis and pregnancy. Clin Pract 1:e55","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"key":"715_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043898","volume":"353","author":"MM Kaplan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaplan MM, Gershwin ME (2005) Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 353:1261\u20131273","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"715_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000440706","volume":"33","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karlsen TH, Chung BK (2015) Genetic risk and the development of autoimmune liver disease. Dig Dis 33(Suppl 2):13\u201324","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"715_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.025","volume":"62","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karlsen TH, Lammert F, Thompson RJ (2015) Genetics of liver disease: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. J Hepatol 62:S6\u2013S14","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312137","volume":"65","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karlsen TH (2016) Primary sclerosing cholangitis: 50\u00a0years of a gut-liver relationship and still no love? Gut 65:1579\u20131581","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","volume":"67","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karlsen TH, Folseraas T, Thorburn D, Vesterhus M (2017) Primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2014a comprehensive review. J Hepatol 67:1298\u20131323","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00117-6","volume":"52","author":"E Karpuzoglu-Sahin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Karpuzoglu-Sahin E, Hissong BD, Ansar AS (2001) Interferon-gamma levels are upregulated by 17-beta-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol. J Reprod Immunol 52:113\u2013127","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26447","volume":"58","author":"J Katt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katt J, Schwinge D, Schoknecht T, Quaas A, Sobottka I, Burandt E, Becker C et al (2013) Increased T helper type 17 response to pathogen stimulation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 58:1084\u20131093","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv204","volume":"10","author":"D Kevans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kevans D, Tyler AD, Holm K, Jorgensen KK, Vatn MH, Karlsen TH, Kaplan GG et al (2016) Characterization of intestinal microbiota in ulcerative colitis patients with and without primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Crohns Colitis 10:330\u2013337","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"715_CR59","first-page":"635","volume":"6","author":"D Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan D, Ansar AS (2015) The immune system is a natural target for estrogen action: opposing effects of estrogen in two prototypical autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 6:635","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350170111","volume":"36","author":"KE Kisand","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kisand KE, Metskula K, Kisand KV, Kivik T, Gershwin ME, Uibo R (2001) The follow-up of asymptomatic persons with antibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase in adult population samples. J Gastroenterol 36:248\u2013254","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","volume":"16","author":"SL Klein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein SL, Flanagan KL (2016) Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev. Immunol 16:626\u2013638","journal-title":"Nat Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00487-X","volume":"55","author":"KK Koh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koh KK (2002) Effects of estrogen on the vascular wall: vasomotor function and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 55:714\u2013726","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"715_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1436","volume":"4","author":"B Kyewski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kyewski B, Derbinski J (2004) Self-representation in the thymus: an extended view. Nat Rev. Immunol 4:688\u2013698","journal-title":"Nat Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.029","volume":"147","author":"WJ Lammers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Hirschfield GM, Janssen HL, Invernizzi P, Mason AL, Ponsioen CY et al (2014) Levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are surrogate end points of outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an international follow-up study. Gastroenterology 147:1338\u20131349 e1335; quiz e1315","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"715_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00092-7","volume":"35","author":"KN Lazaridis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ, Lindor KD (2001) Ursodeoxycholic acid \u2018mechanisms of action and clinical use in hepatobiliary disorders\u2019. J Hepatol 35:134\u2013146","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.11.002","volume":"41","author":"R Liberal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liberal R, Grant CR, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D (2013) Autoimmune hepatitis: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 41:126\u2013139","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2815","volume":"10","author":"C Libert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I (2010) The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nat Rev. Immunol 10:594\u2013604","journal-title":"Nat Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10409","volume":"70","author":"HY Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu HY, Buenafe AC, Matejuk A, Ito A, Zamora A, Dwyer J, Vandenbark AA et al (2002) Estrogen inhibition of EAE involves effects on dendritic cell function. J Neurosci Res 70:238\u2013248","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"715_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.627","volume":"42","author":"X Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu X, Invernizzi P, Lu Y, Kosoy R, Lu Y, Bianchi I, Podda M et al (2010) Genome-wide meta-analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet 42:658\u2013660","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"715_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2060","volume":"167","author":"SM Liva","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liva SM, Voskuhl RR (2001) Testosterone acts directly on CD4+ T lymphocytes to increase IL-10 production. J Immunol 167:2060\u20132067","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2017.07.002","volume":"41","author":"T Liwinski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liwinski T, Schramm C (2017) Autoimmune hepatitis\u2014update on clinical management in 2017. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 41:617\u2013625","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.009","volume":"7","author":"A Lleo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lleo A, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Podda M (2008) Is autoimmunity a matter of sex? Autoimmun Rev. 7:626\u2013630","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"715_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23783","volume":"52","author":"A Lleo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lleo A, Bowlus CL, Yang GX, Invernizzi P, Podda M, Van de Water J, Ansari AA et al (2010) Biliary apotopes and anti-mitochondrial antibodies activate innate immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 52:987\u2013998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.12.008","volume":"41","author":"A Lleo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lleo A, Oertelt-Prigione S, Bianchi I, Caliari L, Finelli P, Miozzo M, Lazzari R et al (2013) Y chromosome loss in male patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 41:87\u201391","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0098-9","volume":"7","author":"A Lleo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lleo A, Zhang W, Zhao M, Tan Y, Bernuzzi F, Zhu B, Liu Q et al (2015) DNA methylation profiling of the X chromosome reveals an aberrant demethylation on CXCR3 promoter in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Epigenetics 7:61","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"715_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25906","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25906","volume":"6","author":"A Lleo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lleo A, Jepsen P, Morenghi E, Carbone M, Moroni L, Battezzati PM, Podda M et al (2016) Evolving trends in female to male incidence and male mortality of primary biliary cholangitis. Sci Rep 6:25906","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"715_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9830-1","volume":"11","author":"A Lleo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lleo A, Marzorati S, Anaya JM, Gershwin ME (2017) Primary biliary cholangitis: a comprehensive overview. Hepatol Int 11:485\u2013499","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"715_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615","volume":"54","author":"EV Loftus Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loftus EV Jr, Harewood GC, Loftus CG, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Jewell DA et al (2005) PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 54:91\u201396","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.012","volume":"55","author":"AW Lohse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lohse AW, Mieli-Vergani G (2011) Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 55:171\u2013182","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.11.1373","volume":"27","author":"MR Lucey","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lucey MR, Neuberger JM, Williams R (1986) Primary biliary cirrhosis in men. Gut 27:1373\u20131376","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13401","volume":"18","author":"LX Lv","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lv LX, Fang DQ, Shi D, Chen DY, Yan R, Zhu YX, Chen YF et al (2016) Alterations and correlations of the gut microbiome, metabolism and immunity in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Environ Microbiol 18:2272\u20132286","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"715_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20859","volume":"42","author":"TK Mao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mao TK, Lian ZX, Selmi C, Ichiki Y, Ashwood P, Ansari AA, Coppel RL et al (2005) Altered monocyte responses to defined TLR ligands in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 42:802\u2013808","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233521","volume":"339","author":"JG Markle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Markle JG, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M et al (2013) Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science 339:1084\u20131088","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"715_CR84","first-page":"185","volume":"24","author":"KZ Matalka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matalka KZ (2003) The effect of estradiol, but not progesterone, on the production of cytokines in stimulated whole blood, is concentration-dependent. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 24:185\u2013191","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"715_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21696","volume":"46","author":"M Miozzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miozzo M, Selmi C, Gentilin B, Grati FR, Sirchia S, Oertelt S, Zuin M et al (2007) Preferential X chromosome loss but random inactivation characterize primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 46:456\u2013462","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.567","volume":"51","author":"SA Mitchell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mitchell SA, Thyssen M, Orchard TR, Jewell DP, Fleming KA, Chapman RW (2002) Cigarette smoking, appendectomy, and tonsillectomy as risk factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study. Gut 51:567\u2013573","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.2.1027-1033.2006","volume":"72","author":"S Mueller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mueller S, Saunier K, Hanisch C, Norin E, Alm L, Midtvedt T, Cresci A et al (2006) Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1027\u20131033","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"715_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm059","volume":"100","author":"P Muratori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muratori P, Granito A, Pappas G, Muratori L, Quarneti C, De Molo C, Cipriano V et al (2007) Clinical and serological profile of primary biliary cirrhosis in men. QJM 100:534\u2013535","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"715_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509840","volume":"375","author":"F Nevens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nevens F, Andreone P, Mazzella G, Strasser SI, Bowlus C, Invernizzi P, Drenth JP et al (2016) A placebo-controlled trial of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis. N Engl J Med 375:631\u2013643","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"715_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004","volume":"35","author":"ST Ngo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngo ST, Steyn FJ, McCombe PA (2014) Gender differences in autoimmune disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 35:347\u2013369","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"715_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464200-00001","volume":"64","author":"YH Oo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oo YH, Neuberger J (2004) Options for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Drugs 64:2261\u20132271","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"715_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21026","volume":"52","author":"Z Ozbalkan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ozbalkan Z, Bagislar S, Kiraz S, Akyerli CB, Ozer HT, Yavuz S, Birlik AM et al (2005) Skewed X chromosome inactivation in blood cells of women with scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 52:1564\u20131570","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"715_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201614","volume":"14","author":"T Ozcelik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozcelik T, Uz E, Akyerli CB, Bagislar S, Mustafa CA, Gursoy A, Akarsu N et al (2006) Evidence from autoimmune thyroiditis of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in female predisposition to autoimmunity. Eur J Hum Genet 14:791\u2013797","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"715_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001322","volume":"186","author":"TL Papenfuss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Papenfuss TL, Powell ND, McClain MA, Bedarf A, Singh A, Gienapp IE, Shawler T et al (2011) Estriol generates tolerogenic dendritic cells in vivo that protect against autoimmunity. J Immunol 186:3346\u20133355","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.029","volume":"42","author":"R Poupon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Poupon R, Chretien Y, Chazouilleres O, Poupon RE (2005) Pregnancy in women with ursodeoxycholic acid-treated primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 42:418\u2013419","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.2.561","volume":"183","author":"JT Prchal","year":"1996","unstructured":"Prchal JT, Prchal JF, Belickova M, Chen S, Guan Y, Gartland GL, Cooper MD (1996) Clonal stability of blood cell lineages indicated by X-chromosomal transcriptional polymorphism. J Exp Med 183:561\u2013567","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"715_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.36027","volume":"123","author":"M Prince","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prince M, Chetwynd A, Newman W, Metcalf JV, James OF (2002) Survival and symptom progression in a geographically based cohort of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: follow-up for up to 28\u00a0years. Gastroenterology 123:1044\u20131051","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"715_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311915","volume":"66","author":"MN Quraishi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quraishi MN, Sergeant M, Kay G, Iqbal T, Chan J, Constantinidou C, Trivedi P et al (2017) The gut-adherent microbiota of PSC-IBD is distinct to that of IBD. Gut 66:386\u2013388","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.06.002","volume":"27","author":"R Rieger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rieger R, Leung PS, Jeddeloh MR, Kurth MJ, Nantz MH, Lam KS, Barsky D et al (2006) Identification of 2-nonynoic acid, a cosmetic component, as a potential trigger of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 27:7\u201316","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2003.09.014","volume":"14","author":"C Rougeulle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rougeulle C, Avner P (2003) Controlling X-inactivation in mammals: what does the centre hold? Semin Cell Dev Biol 14:331\u2013340","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"715_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312180","volume":"66","author":"MC Ruhlemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruhlemann MC, Heinsen FA, Zenouzi R, Lieb W, Franke A, Schramm C (2017) Faecal microbiota profiles as diagnostic biomarkers in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 66:753\u2013754","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311004","volume":"65","author":"J Sabino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabino J, Vieira-Silva S, Machiels K, Joossens M, Falony G, Ballet V, Ferrante M et al (2016) Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD. Gut 65:1681\u20131689","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17005","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412584200","volume":"280","author":"A Schoenemeyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schoenemeyer A, Barnes BJ, Mancl ME, Latz E, Goutagny N, Pitha PM, Fitzgerald KA et al (2005) The interferon regulatory factor, IRF5, is a central mediator of toll-like receptor 7 signaling. J Biol Chem 280:17005\u201317,012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"715_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00479.x","volume":"101","author":"C Schramm","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schramm C, Herkel J, Beuers U, Kanzler S, Galle PR, Lohse AW (2006) Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: outcome and risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol 101:556\u2013560","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23840","volume":"52","author":"C Schramm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schramm C, Weiler-Normann C, Wiegard C, Hellweg S, Muller S, Lohse AW (2010) Treatment response in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 52:2247\u20132248","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400076","volume":"194","author":"D Schwinge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwinge D, Carambia A, Quaas A, Krech T, Wegscheid C, Tiegs G, Prinz I et al (2015) Testosterone suppresses hepatic inflammation by the downregulation of IL-17, CXCL-9, and CXCL-10 in a mouse model of experimental acute cholangitis. J Immunol 194:2522\u20132530","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.027","volume":"60","author":"M Sebode","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sebode M, Peiseler M, Franke B, Schwinge D, Schoknecht T, Wortmann F, Quaas A et al (2014) Reduced FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are associated with IL2RA gene polymorphisms. J Hepatol 60:1010\u20131016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203312","volume":"190","author":"C Seillet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seillet C, Rouquie N, Foulon E, Douin-Echinard V, Krust A, Chambon P, Arnal JF et al (2013) Estradiol promotes functional responses in inflammatory and steady-state dendritic cells through differential requirement for activation function-1 of estrogen receptor alpha. J Immunol 190:5459\u20135470","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50446","volume":"38","author":"C Selmi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Selmi C, Balkwill DL, Invernizzi P, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Podda M, Leung PS et al (2003) Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis react against a ubiquitous xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium. Hepatology 38:1250\u20131257","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1423","volume":"180","author":"MC Siracusa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siracusa MC, Overstreet MG, Housseau F, Scott AL, Klein SL (2008) 17beta-estradiol alters the activity of conventional and IFN-producing killer dendritic cells. J Immunol 180:1423\u20131431","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR111","first-page":"2012","volume":"610504","author":"DS Smyk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Pares A, Billinis C, Burroughs AK, Muratori L, Invernizzi P et al (2012) Sex differences associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Dev Immunol 610504:2012","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"715_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souyris M, Cenac C, Azar P, Daviaud D, Canivet A, Grunenwald S, Pienkowski C et al (2018) TLR7 escapes X chromosome inactivation in immune cells. Sci Immunol:3","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aap8855"},{"key":"715_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0001","volume":"28","author":"RH Straub","year":"2007","unstructured":"Straub RH (2007) The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocr Rev. 28:521\u2013574","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"715_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313332","volume":"67","author":"R Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang R, Wei Y, Li Y, Chen W, Chen H, Wang Q, Yang F et al (2018) Gut microbial profile is altered in primary biliary cholangitis and partially restored after UDCA therapy. Gut 67:534\u2013541","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-83","volume":"11","author":"E Toy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Toy E, Balasubramanian S, Selmi C, Li CS, Bowlus CL (2011) The prevalence, incidence and natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis in an ethnically diverse population. BMC Gastroenterol 11:83","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"715_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.013","volume":"46","author":"PJ Trivedi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trivedi PJ, Adams DH (2013) Mucosal immunity in liver autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 46:97\u2013111","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.030","volume":"12","author":"PJ Trivedi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trivedi PJ, Kumagi T, Al-Harthy N, Coltescu C, Ward S, Cheung A, Hirschfield GM (2014) Good maternal and fetal outcomes for pregnant women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:1179\u20131185 e1171","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"715_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613056","volume":"110","author":"KJ Erpecum van","year":"1996","unstructured":"van Erpecum KJ, Smits SJ, van de Meeberg PC, Linn FH, Wolfhagen FH, vanBerge-Henegouwen GP, Algra A (1996) Risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking behavior. Gastroenterology 110:1503\u20131506","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"715_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0170-7","volume":"31","author":"D Vergani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vergani D, Longhi MS, Bogdanos DP, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G (2009) Autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Immunopathol 31:421\u2013435","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"715_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22540","volume":"48","author":"HR Walden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walden HR, Kirby JA, Yeaman SJ, Gray J, Jones DE, Palmer JM (2008) Xenobiotic incorporation into pyruvate dehydrogenase complex can occur via the exogenous lipoylation pathway. Hepatology 48:1874\u20131884","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.038","volume":"152","author":"TJ Weismuller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weismuller TJ, Trivedi PJ, Bergquist A, Imam M, Lenzen H, Ponsioen CY, Holm K et al (2017) Patient age, sex, and inflammatory bowel disease phenotype associate with course of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 152:1975\u20131984 e1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"715_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228924","volume":"60","author":"BE Wellge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wellge BE, Sterneck M, Teufel A, Rust C, Franke A, Schreiber S, Berg T et al (2011) Pregnancy in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 60:1117\u20131121","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"715_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21172","volume":"43","author":"J Wesierska-Gadek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wesierska-Gadek J, Penner E, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, Zuin M, Hitchman E, Worman HJ et al (2006) Correlation of initial autoantibody profile and clinical outcome in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 43:1135\u20131144","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"715_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"J239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.12.002","volume":"38","author":"RH Westbrook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Westbrook RH, Yeoman AD, Kriese S, Heneghan MA (2012) Outcomes of pregnancy in women with autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 38:J239\u2013J244","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2006.00738.x","volume":"69","author":"K Wiencke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wiencke K, Karlsen TH, Boberg KM, Thorsby E, Schrumpf E, Lie BA, Spurkland A (2007) Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with extended HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR6 haplotypes. Tissue Antigens 69:161\u2013169","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"715_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571274","volume":"36","author":"KD Williamson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williamson KD, Chapman RW (2016) New therapeutic strategies for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 36:5\u201314","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"715_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G981","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00061.2011","volume":"301","author":"F Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang F, Priester S, Onori P, Venter J, Renzi A, Franchitto A, Munshi MK et al (2011) Castration inhibits biliary proliferation induced by bile duct obstruction: novel role for the autocrine trophic effect of testosterone. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 301:G981\u2013G991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"715_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.02.011","volume":"28","author":"P Youinou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Youinou P (2007) B cell conducts the lymphocyte orchestra. J Autoimmun 28:143\u2013151","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"715_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.013","volume":"39","author":"L Yurkovetskiy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yurkovetskiy L, Burrows M, Khan AA, Graham L, Volchkov P, Becker L, Antonopoulos D et al (2013) Gender bias in autoimmunity is influenced by microbiota. Immunity 39:400\u2013412","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"715_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21423","volume":"44","author":"CO Zein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zein CO, Beatty K, Post AB, Logan L, Debanne S, McCullough AJ (2006) Smoking and increased severity of hepatic fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: a cross validated retrospective assessment. Hepatology 44:1564\u20131571","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T10:52:32Z","timestamp":1693911152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}