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The heterogeneity that lies within them includes subsets that express diverse self-MHC-restricted \u03b1\u03b2T cell receptors, which can be further subdivided into CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> helper, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cytotoxic, and Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> regulatory T cells. In addition, \u03b1\u03b2T cells also include invariant natural killer T cells that are very limited in \u03b1\u03b2T cell receptor repertoire diversity and recognise non-polymorphic CD1d molecules that present lipid antigens. Importantly, all \u03b1\u03b2T cell sublineages are dependent upon the thymus as a shared site of their development. Ongoing research has examined how the thymus balances the intrathymic production of multiple \u03b1\u03b2T cell subsets to ensure correct formation and functioning of the peripheral immune system. Experiments in both wild-type and genetically modified mice have been essential in revealing complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate thymus function. In particular, studies have demonstrated the diverse and critical role that the thymus medulla plays in shaping the peripheral T cell pool. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on functional properties of the thymus medulla that enable the thymus to support the production of diverse \u03b1\u03b2T cell types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00830-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T14:05:23Z","timestamp":1607695523000},"page":"15-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The thymus medulla and its control of \u03b1\u03b2T cell development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Emilie J.","family":"Cosway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran D.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2917-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.12","volume":"17","author":"Y Takahama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahama Y, Ohigashi I, Baik S, Anderson G (2017) Generation of diversity in thymic epithelial cells. 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