{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:32:37Z","timestamp":1783531957773,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 841 A5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 841 A5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 841 A8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 841 A8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU Hepatitis 05.820; 05.822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU Hepatitis 05.820; 05.822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic infections with human hepatitis viruses continue to be a major health burden worldwide. Despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and of antiviral agents efficiently suppressing HBV replication, more than 250 million people are currently chronically infected with this hepatotropic DNA virus, and resolution of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is rarely achieved. Moreover, coinfection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV), a human RNA satellite virus requiring the envelope proteins of HBV for productive viral spreading, substantially aggravates the disease course of CHB. The molecular mechanisms by which these viruses interact with each other and with the intrinsic innate responses of the hepatocytes are not fully understood. While HBV appears to avoid innate immune recognition, HDV elicits a strong enhancement of innate responses. Notwithstanding, such induction does not hamper HDV replication but contributes to liver inflammation and pathogenesis. Intriguingly, HDV appears to influence the ability of T cells to recognize infected hepatocytes by boosting antigen presentation. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding how these viruses can shape and counteract the intrinsic innate responses of the hepatocytes, thus affecting the immune system and pathogenesis. Understanding the distinct strategies of persistence that HBV and HDV have evolved is central for advancing the development of curative therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00864-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T15:02:58Z","timestamp":1621609378000},"page":"535-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Innate immunity in hepatitis B and D virus infection: consequences for viral persistence, inflammation, and T cell recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0073-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Dandri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bertoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"L\u00fctgehetmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30119-0","volume":"4","author":"PA Revill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Revill PA, Chisari FV, Block JM, Dandri M, Gehring AJ, Guo H, Hu J, Kramvis A, Lampertico P, Janssen HLA, Levrero M, Li W, Liang TJ, Lim SG, Lu F, Penicaud MC, Tavis JE, Thimme R, Zoulim F, Arbuthnot P, Boonstra A, Chang KM, Chen PJ, Glebe D, Guidotti LG, Fellay J, Ferrari C, Jansen L, Lau DTY, Lok AS, Maini MK, Mason W, Matthews G, Paraskevis D, Petersen J, Rehermann B, Shin EC, Thompson A, van B\u00f6mmel F, Wang FS, Watashi K, Yang HC, Yuan Z, Yuen MF, Block T, Miller V, Protzer U, Br\u00e9chot C, Locarnini S, Peters MG, Schinazi RF (2019) A global scientific strategy to cure hepatitis B. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 4(7):545\u2013558","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR2","unstructured":"who. (2018) Hepatitis B key facts."},{"issue":"21","key":"864_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810477","volume":"380","author":"DL Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas DL (2019) Global elimination of chronic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 380(21):2041\u20132050","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"864_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornberg M., et al., (2019) Guidance for design and endpoints of clinical trials in chronic hepatitis B - report from the 2019 EASL-AASLD HBV Treatment Endpoints Conference. J Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31030"},{"key":"864_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S240472","volume":"13","author":"M Dandri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dandri M, Petersen J (2020) cccDNA maintenance in chronic hepatitis B - targeting the matrix of viral replication. Infect Drug Resist 13:3873\u20133886","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","volume":"67","author":"NA Terrault","year":"2018","unstructured":"Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS Jr, Bzowej NH, Wong JB (2018) Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 67(4):1560\u20131599","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"864_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0037-0","volume":"18","author":"GC Fanning","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fanning GC, Zoulim F, Hou J, Bertoletti A (2019) Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis B virus infection: towards a cure. Nat Rev Drug Discov 18(11):827\u2013844","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"12","key":"864_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301073","volume":"61","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bertoletti A, Ferrari C (2012) Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection. Gut 61(12):1754\u20131764","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.03.036","volume":"57","author":"M Paganelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paganelli M, Stephenne X, Sokal EM (2012) Chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents. J Hepatol 57(4):885\u2013896","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.65","volume":"19","author":"LG Guidotti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guidotti LG, Chisari FV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19:65\u201391","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"864_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.026","volume":"64","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertoletti A, Ferrari C (2016) Adaptive immunity in HBV infection. J Hepatol 64(1 Suppl):S71\u2013S83","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.009","volume":"143","author":"PT Kennedy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kennedy PT et al (2012) Preserved T-cell function in children and young adults with immune-tolerant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 143(3):637\u2013645","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.019","volume":"159","author":"N Le Bert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Bert N et al (2020) Effects of hepatitis B surface antigen on virus-specific and global T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 159(2):652\u2013664","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"864_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.014","volume":"74","author":"M Rizzetto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rizzetto M, Hamid S, Negro F (2021) The changing scenario of hepatitis D. J Hepatol 74:1200\u20131211","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.3.420","volume":"46","author":"G Fattovich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW (2000) Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut 46(3):420\u2013426","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9959","key":"864_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60220-8","volume":"384","author":"C Trepo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trepo C, Chan HL, Lok A (2014) Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 384(9959):2053\u20132063","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"864_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(12)60056-7","volume":"56","author":"L Allweiss","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allweiss L, L M, Volz T, Bornscheuer T, Lohse AW, Petersen J, Dandri M (2012) Pegylated-interferon-alpha alone or in combination with entecavir restores ISG responsiveness and reduces intrahepatic viral loads and antigenemia in hepatitis B virus infected humanized mice. J Hepatol 56(Supplement 2):S18\u2013S19","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24758","volume":"55","author":"M Lutgehetmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lutgehetmann M et al (2012) Humanized chimeric uPA mouse model for the study of hepatitis B and D virus interactions and preclinical drug evaluation. Hepatology 55(3):685\u2013694","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.07.003","volume":"71","author":"A Loglio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loglio A, Ferenci P, Uceda Renteria SC, Tham CYL, van B\u00f6mmel F, Borghi M, Holzmann H, Perbellini R, Trombetta E, Giovanelli S, Greco L, Porretti L, Prati D, Ceriotti F, Lunghi G, Bertoletti A, Lampertico P (2019) Excellent safety and effectiveness of high-dose myrcludex-B monotherapy administered for 48weeks in HDV-related compensated cirrhosis: a case report of 3 patients. J Hepatol 71(4):834\u2013839","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allweiss, L., et al., (2019) PS-155-HBV entry inhibition after interferon alpha treatment hinders HBV rebound in hepatocytes that became negative for all HBV markers during interferon treatment. Journal of Hepatology ( The International Liver Congress 2019 Abstract Book).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30173-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14677","volume":"41","author":"K Giersch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giersch K, Hermanussen L, Volz T, Kah J, Allweiss L, Casey J, Sureau C, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2021) Murine hepatocytes do not support persistence of hepatitis D virus mono-infection in vivo. Liver Int 41(2):410\u2013419","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03946-9","volume":"7","author":"K Giersch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giersch K, Homs M, Volz T, Helbig M, Allweiss L, Lohse AW, Petersen J, Buti M, Pollicino T, Sureau C, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2017) Both interferon alpha and lambda can reduce all intrahepatic HDV infection markers in HBV\/HDV infected humanized mice. Sci Rep 7(1):3757","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.043","volume":"65","author":"J Petersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petersen J, Thompson AJ, Levrero M (2016) Aiming for cure in HBV and HDV infection. J Hepatol 65(4):835\u2013848","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.05.001","volume":"30","author":"S Urban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Urban S, Bertoletti A (2018) Editorial overview: antiviral strategies: virological and immunological basis for HBV cure. Curr Opin Virol 30:iv\u2013vi","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"864_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309809","volume":"64","author":"M Nassal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nassal M (2015) HBV cccDNA: viral persistence reservoir and key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B. Gut 64(12):1972\u20131984","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.030","volume":"147","author":"S Urban","year":"2014","unstructured":"Urban S, Bartenschlager R, Kubitz R, Zoulim F (2014) Strategies to inhibit entry of HBV and HDV into hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 147(1):48\u201364","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"864_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.011","volume":"64","author":"W Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li W, Urban S (2016) Entry of hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus into hepatocytes: basic insights and clinical implications. J Hepatol 64(1 Suppl):S32\u2013S40","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., et al., (2012) Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. elife. 3.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29112","volume":"66","author":"FA Lempp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lempp FA, Wiedtke E, Qu B, Roques P, Chemin I, Vondran FWR, le Grand R, Grimm D, Urban S (2017) Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is the limiting host factor of hepatitis B virus infection in macaque and pig hepatocytes. Hepatology 66(3):703\u2013716","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1389","volume":"26","author":"J Petersen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petersen J, Dandri M, Mier W, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Volz T, von Weizs\u00e4cker F, Haberkorn U, Fischer L, Pollok JM, Erbes B, Seitz S, Urban S (2008) Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein. Nat Biotechnol 26(3):335\u2013341","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"864_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.008","volume":"58","author":"T Volz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Volz T, Allweiss L, \u1e3eBarek MB, Warlich M, Lohse AW, Pollok JM, Alexandrov A, Urban S, Petersen J, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Dandri M (2013) The entry inhibitor Myrcludex-B efficiently blocks intrahepatic virus spreading in humanized mice previously infected with hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 58(5):861\u2013867","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00780-6","volume":"42","author":"M Dandri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dandri M (2020) Epigenetic modulation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Semin Immunopathol 42(2):173\u2013185","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"864_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu J, Liu K, (2017) Complete and incomplete hepatitis B virus particles: formation, function, and application. Viruses. 9(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/v9030056"},{"issue":"47","key":"864_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908365106","volume":"106","author":"L Belloni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Belloni L, Pollicino T, de Nicola F, Guerrieri F, Raffa G, Fanciulli M, Raimondo G, Levrero M (2009) Nuclear HBx binds the HBV minichromosome and modifies the epigenetic regulation of cccDNA function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(47):19975\u201319979","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7594","key":"864_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17170","volume":"531","author":"A Decorsiere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Decorsiere A et al (2016) Hepatitis B virus X protein identifies the Smc5\/6 complex as a host restriction factor. Nature 531(7594):386\u2013389","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"864_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minor MM, et al., (2020) Hepatitis B virus HBx protein mediates the degradation of host restriction factors through the cullin 4 DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Cells. 9(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040834"},{"issue":"11","key":"864_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.026","volume":"16","author":"CM Murphy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murphy CM, Xu Y, Li F, Nio K, Reszka-Blanco N, Li X, Wu Y, Yu Y, Xiong Y, Su L (2016) Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes degradation of SMC5\/6 to enhance HBV replication. Cell Rep 16(11):2846\u20132854","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.01.021","volume":"426","author":"AJ Hodgson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hodgson AJ, Hyser JM, Keasler VV, Cang Y, Slagle BL (2012) Hepatitis B virus regulatory HBx protein binding to DDB1 is required but is not sufficient for maximal HBV replication. Virology 426(1):73\u201382","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"9","key":"864_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3857","volume":"15","author":"K Jeppsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeppsson K, Kanno T, Shirahige K, Sj\u00f6gren C (2014) The maintenance of chromosome structure: positioning and functioning of SMC complexes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15(9):601\u2013614","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"864_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allweiss L, Giersch K, Pirosu A, Volz T, Muench RC, Beran RK, Urban S, Javanbakht H, Fletcher SP, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Dandri M (2021, gutjnl) Therapeutic shutdown of HBV transcripts promotes reappearance of the SMC5\/6 complex and silencing of the viral genome in vivo. Gut:2020\u2013322571","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322571"},{"key":"864_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.04.003","volume":"30","author":"C Dembek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dembek C, Protzer U, Roggendorf M (2018) Overcoming immune tolerance in chronic hepatitis B by therapeutic vaccination. Curr Opin Virol 30:58\u201367","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"864_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu T, et al., (2017) HBV DNA integration: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Viruses 9(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040075"},{"key":"864_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu T, Zhang H, Urban S, (2021). Hepatitis B virus DNA integration: in vitro models for investigating viral pathogenesis and persistence. Viruses. 13(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020180"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.09.028","volume":"66","author":"K Giersch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giersch K, Allweiss L, Volz T, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2017) Serum HBV pgRNA as a clinical marker for cccDNA activity. J Hepatol 66(2):460\u2013462","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allweiss L, Dandri M(2017) The role of cccDNA in HBV maintenance. Viruses. 9(6).","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060156"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.014","volume":"65","author":"A Boyd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boyd A, Lacombe K, Lavocat F, Maylin S, Miailhes P, Lascoux-Combe C, Delaugerre C, Girard PM, Zoulim F (2016) Decay of ccc-DNA marks persistence of intrahepatic viral DNA synthesis under tenofovir in HIV-HBV co-infected patients. J Hepatol 65(4):683\u2013691","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Q, et al., (2020) Rapid turnover of HBV cccDNA indicated by monitoring emergence and reversion of signature-mutation in treated chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31240"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.022","volume":"66","author":"CL Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai CL, Wong D, Ip P, Kopaniszen M, Seto WK, Fung J, Huang FY, Lee B, Cullaro G, Chong CK, Wu R, Cheng C, Yuen J, Ngai V, Yuen MF (2017) Reduction of covalently closed circular DNA with long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 66(2):275\u2013281","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312162","volume":"67","author":"L Allweiss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allweiss L, Volz T, Giersch K, Kah J, Raffa G, Petersen J, Lohse AW, Beninati C, Pollicino T, Urban S, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Dandri M (2018) Proliferation of primary human hepatocytes and prevention of hepatitis B virus reinfection efficiently deplete nuclear cccDNA in vivo. Gut 67(3):542\u2013552","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90206-7","volume":"175","author":"TT Wu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wu TT, Coates L, Aldrics CE, Summers J, Mason WS (1990) In hepatocytes infected with duck hepatitis B virus, the template for viral RNA synthesis is amplified by an intracellular pathway. Virology 175(1):255\u2013261","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.4.2310-2315.1992","volume":"66","author":"WS Ryu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ryu WS, Bayer M, Taylor J (1992) Assembly of hepatitis delta virus particles. J Virol 66(4):2310\u20132315","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"864_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. and S. Urban, (2020) Interplay between hepatitis D virus and the interferon response. Viruses. 12(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111334"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"864_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.013","volume":"64","author":"C Sureau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sureau C, Negro F (2016) The hepatitis delta virus: replication and pathogenesis. J Hepatol 64(1 Suppl):S102\u2013S116","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01034-09","volume":"84","author":"CH Tseng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tseng CH, Cheng TS, Shu CY, Jeng KS, Lai MMC (2010) Modification of small hepatitis delta virus antigen by SUMO protein. J Virol 84(2):918\u2013927","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5061","key":"864_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1598578","volume":"256","author":"JS Glenn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Glenn JS et al (1992) Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen. Science 256(5061):1331\u20131333","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01609-10","volume":"85","author":"T Pollicino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pollicino T, Raffa G, Santantonio T, Gaeta GB, Iannello G, Alibrandi A, Squadrito G, Cacciola I, Calvi C, Colucci G, Levrero M, Raimondo G (2011) Replicative and transcriptional activities of hepatitis B virus in patients coinfected with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses. J Virol 85(1):432\u2013439","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"864_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.036","volume":"52","author":"M Schaper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaper M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Jardi R, Tabernero D, Homs M, Ruiz G, Quer J, Esteban R, Buti M (2010) Quantitative longitudinal evaluations of hepatitis delta virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA shows a dynamic, complex replicative profile in chronic hepatitis B and D. J Hepatol 52(5):658\u2013664","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.016","volume":"56","author":"I Mederacke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mederacke I, Filmann N, Yurdaydin C, Bremer B, Puls F, Zacher BJ, Heidrich B, Tillmann HL, Rosenau J, Bock CT, Savas B, Helfritz F, Lehner F, Strassburg CP, Klempnauer J, Wursthorn K, Lehmann U, Manns MP, Herrmann E, Wedemeyer H (2012) Rapid early HDV RNA decline in the peripheral blood but prolonged intrahepatic hepatitis delta antigen persistence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 56(1):115\u2013122","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210211","volume":"21","author":"D Samuel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Samuel D, Zignego AL, Reynes M, Feray C, Arulnaden JL, David MF, Gigou M, Bismuth A, Mathieu D, Gentilini P, Benhamou JP, Brechot C, Bismuth H (1995) Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology 21(2):333\u2013339","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.010","volume":"60","author":"K Giersch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giersch K, Helbig M, Volz T, Allweiss L, Mancke LV, Lohse AW, Polywka S, Pollok JM, Petersen J, Taylor J, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2014) Persistent hepatitis D virus mono-infection in humanized mice is efficiently converted by hepatitis B virus to a productive co-infection. J Hepatol 60(3):538\u2013544","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10117-z","volume":"10","author":"J Perez-Vargas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez-Vargas J, Amirache F, Boson B, Mialon C, Freitas N, Sureau C, Fusil F, Cosset FL (2019) Enveloped viruses distinct from HBV induce dissemination of hepatitis D virus in vivo. Nat Commun 10(1):2098","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"864_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappy, P., et al., (2020) No evidence of HCV-assisted HDV propagation in a large cohort of hepatitis C positive blood donors. J Infect Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa517"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31453","volume":"73","author":"I Chemin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chemin I, Pujol FH, Scholt\u00e8s C, Loureiro CL, Amirache F, Levrero M, Zoulim F, P\u00e9rez-Vargas J, Cosset FL (2021) Preliminary evidence for hepatitis delta virus exposure in patients who are apparently not infected with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 73(2):861\u2013864","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13385","volume":"28","author":"LS Pfluger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pfluger LS et al (2021) Hepatitis delta virus propagation enabled by hepatitis C virus-scientifically intriguing, but is it relevant to clinical practice? J Viral Hepat 28(1):213\u2013216","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"864_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.05.017","volume":"509","author":"GE Rydell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rydell GE, Prakash K, Norder H, Lindh M (2017) Hepatitis B surface antigen on subviral particles reduces the neutralizing effect of anti-HBs antibodies on hepatitis B viral particles in vitro. Virology 509:67\u201370","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314713","volume":"68","author":"K Giersch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giersch K, Bhadra OD, Volz T, Allweiss L, Riecken K, Fehse B, Lohse AW, Petersen J, Sureau C, Urban S, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2019) Hepatitis delta virus persists during liver regeneration and is amplified through cell division both in vitro and in vivo. Gut 68(1):150\u2013157","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.3","volume":"13","author":"MW Robinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinson MW, Harmon C, O\u2019Farrelly C (2016) Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol 13(3):267\u2013276","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"864_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.69","volume":"16","author":"EC Shin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shin EC, Sung PS, Park SH (2016) Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Nat Rev Immunol 16(8):509\u2013523","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000489966","volume":"10","author":"S Faure-Dupuy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faure-Dupuy S, Vegna S, Aillot L, Dimier L, Esser K, Broxtermann M, Bonnin M, Bendriss-Vermare N, Rivoire M, Passot G, Lesurtel M, Mabrut JY, Ducerf C, Salvetti A, Protzer U, Zoulim F, Durantel D, Lucifora J (2018) Characterization of pattern recognition receptor expression and functionality in liver primary cells and derived cell lines. J Innate Immun 10(4):339\u2013348","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"issue":"15","key":"864_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7059","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7059-7066.2001","volume":"75","author":"CB Bigger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bigger CB, Brasky KM, Lanford RE (2001) DNA microarray analysis of chimpanzee liver during acute resolving hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 75(15):7059\u20137066","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24580","volume":"54","author":"S Marukian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marukian S, Andrus L, Sheahan TP, Jones CT, Charles ED, Ploss A, Rice CM, Dustin LB (2011) Hepatitis C virus induces interferon-lambda and interferon-stimulated genes in primary liver cultures. Hepatology 54(6):1913\u20131923","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.044","volume":"154","author":"P Mutz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mutz P, Metz P, Lempp FA, Bender S, Qu B, Sch\u00f6neweis K, Seitz S, Tu T, Restuccia A, Frankish J, D\u00e4chert C, Schusser B, Koschny R, Polychronidis G, Schemmer P, Hoffmann K, Baumert TF, Binder M, Urban S, Bartenschlager R (2018) HBV bypasses the innate immune response and does not protect HCV from antiviral activity of interferon. Gastroenterology 154(6):1791\u20131804 e22","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"15","key":"864_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9369","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.15.9369-9380.2005","volume":"79","author":"SF Wieland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wieland SF, Chisari FV (2005) Stealth and cunning: hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. J Virol 79(15):9369\u20139380","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"864_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.06.035","volume":"61","author":"MH Heim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heim MH, Thimme R (2014) Innate and adaptive immune responses in HCV infections. J Hepatol 61(1 Suppl):S14\u2013S25","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"864_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0092","volume":"29","author":"LM Pfeffer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pfeffer LM, Madey MA, Riely CA, Fleckenstein JF (2009) The induction of type I interferon production in hepatitis C-infected patients. J Interf Cytokine Res 29(5):299\u2013306","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.055","volume":"142","author":"E Thomas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomas E, Gonzalez VD, Li Q, Modi AA, Chen W, Noureddin M, Rotman Y, Liang TJ (2012) HCV infection induces a unique hepatic innate immune response associated with robust production of type III interferons. Gastroenterology 142(4):978\u2013988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"864_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13347","volume":"37","author":"J Kah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kah J, Volz T, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Groth A, Lohse AW, Tiegs G, Sass G, Dandri M (2017) Haem oxygenase-1 polymorphisms can affect HCV replication and treatment responses with different efficacy in humanized mice. Liver Int 37(8):1128\u20131137","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"16","key":"864_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.16.8189-8199.2002","volume":"76","author":"V Castet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Castet V et al (2002) Alpha interferon inhibits hepatitis C virus replication in primary human hepatocytes infected in vitro. J Virol 76(16):8189\u20138199","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"23","key":"864_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012073432301","volume":"343","author":"S Zeuzem","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zeuzem S, Feinman SV, Rasenack J, Heathcote EJ, Lai MY, Gane E, O'Grady J, Reichen J, Diago M, Lin A, Hoffman J, Brunda MJ (2000) Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 343(23):1666\u20131672","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.166348","volume":"58","author":"T Asselah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asselah T, Bieche I, Sabbagh A, Bedossa P, Moreau R, Valla D, Vidaud M, Marcellin P (2009) Gene expression and hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 58(6):846\u2013858","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"864_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05420.x","volume":"11","author":"R Bartenschlager","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bartenschlager R, Schaller H (1992) Hepadnaviral assembly is initiated by polymerase binding to the encapsidation signal in the viral RNA genome. EMBO J 11(9):3413\u20133420","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.016","volume":"42","author":"S Sato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sato S, Li K, Kameyama T, Hayashi T, Ishida Y, Murakami S, Watanabe T, Iijima S, Sakurai Y, Watashi K, Tsutsumi S, Sato Y, Akita H, Wakita T, Rice CM, Harashima H, Kohara M, Tanaka Y, Takaoka A (2015) The RNA sensor RIG-I dually functions as an innate sensor and direct antiviral factor for hepatitis B virus. Immunity 42(1):123\u2013132","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"17","key":"864_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","volume":"101","author":"S Wieland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wieland S, Thimme R, Purcell RH, Chisari FV (2004) Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(17):6669\u20136674","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.054","volume":"137","author":"C Dunn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dunn C, Peppa D, Khanna P, Nebbia G, Jones M, Brendish N, Lascar RM, Brown D, Gilson RJ, Tedder RJ, Dusheiko GM, Jacobs M, Klenerman P, Maini MK (2009) Temporal analysis of early immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 137(4):1289\u20131300","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.034","volume":"154","author":"A Suslov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suslov A, Boldanova T, Wang X, Wieland S, Heim MH (2018) Hepatitis B virus does not interfere with innate immune responses in the human liver. Gastroenterology 154(6):1778\u20131790","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"864_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.011","volume":"63","author":"K Giersch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giersch K, Allweiss L, Volz T, Helbig M, Bierwolf J, Lohse AW, Pollok JM, Petersen J, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2015) Hepatitis delta co-infection in humanized mice leads to pronounced induction of innate immune responses in comparison to HBV mono-infection. J Hepatol 63:346\u2013353","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.021","volume":"60","author":"L Allweiss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allweiss L, Volz T, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Giersch K, Bornscheuer T, Lohse AW, Petersen J, Ma H, Klumpp K, Fletcher SP, Dandri M (2014) Immune cell responses are not required to induce substantial hepatitis B virus antigen decline during pegylated interferon-alpha administration. J Hepatol 60(3):500\u2013507","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58847","volume":"122","author":"L Belloni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belloni L, Allweiss L, Guerrieri F, Pediconi N, Volz T, Pollicino T, Petersen J, Raimondo G, Dandri M, Levrero M (2012) IFN-alpha inhibits HBV transcription and replication in cell culture and in humanized mice by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the nuclear cccDNA minichromosome. J Clin Invest 122(2):529\u2013537","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"864_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93024","volume":"127","author":"J Kah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kah J, Koh S, Volz T, Ceccarello E, Allweiss L, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Bertoletti A, Dandri M (2017) Lymphocytes transiently expressing virus-specific T cell receptors reduce hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Invest 127(8):3177\u20133188","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.012","volume":"69","author":"C Ko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ko C, Chakraborty A, Chou WM, Hasreiter J, Wettengel JM, Stadler D, Bester R, Asen T, Zhang K, Wisskirchen K, McKeating JA, Ryu WS, Protzer U (2018) Hepatitis B virus genome recycling and de novo secondary infection events maintain stable cccDNA levels. J Hepatol 69(6):1231\u20131241","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.03.027","volume":"155","author":"S Koh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koh S, Kah J, Tham CYL, Yang N, Ceccarello E, Chia A, Chen M, Khakpoor A, Pavesi A, Tan AT, Dandri M, Bertoletti A (2018) Nonlytic lymphocytes engineered to express virus-specific T-cell receptors limit HBV infection by activating APOBEC3. Gastroenterology 155(1):180\u2013193 e6","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"864_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.057","volume":"140","author":"M Lutgehetmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lutgehetmann M et al (2011) Hepatitis B virus limits response of human hepatocytes to interferon-alpha in chimeric mice. Gastroenterology 140(7):2074\u20132083 2083 e1-2","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100098","volume":"2","author":"C Usai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Usai C, Maestro S, Camps G, Olague C, Su\u00e1rez-Amaran L, Vales A, Aragon T, Hommel M, Aldabe R, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G (2020) TNF-alpha inhibition ameliorates HDV-induced liver damage in a mouse model of acute severe infection. JHEP Rep 2(3):100098","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"864_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.10.006","volume":"136","author":"D Alfaiate","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alfaiate D, Lucifora J, Abeywickrama-Samarakoon N, Michelet M, Testoni B, Cortay JC, Sureau C, Zoulim F, D\u00e9ny P, Durantel D (2016) HDV RNA replication is associated with HBV repression and interferon-stimulated genes induction in super-infected hepatocytes. Antivir Res 136:19\u201331","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004840","volume":"11","author":"W He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He W, Ren B, Mao F, Jing Z, Li Y, Liu Y, Peng B, Yan H, Qi Y, Sun Y, Guo JT, Sui J, Wang F, Li W (2015) Hepatitis D virus infection of mice expressing human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide. PLoS Pathog 11(4):e1004840","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.010","volume":"67","author":"L Suarez-Amaran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suarez-Amaran L et al (2017) A new HDV mouse model identifies mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) as a key player in IFN-beta induction. J Hepatol 67(4):669\u2013679","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"864_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winer, B.Y., et al., (2018) Preclinical assessment of antiviral combination therapy in a genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis delta virus infection. Sci Transl Med. 10(447).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap9328"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22654","volume":"49","author":"P Pugnale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pugnale P, Pazienza V, Guilloux K, Negro F (2009) Hepatitis delta virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling. Hepatology 49(2):398\u2013406","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.02.021","volume":"69","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Filzmayer C, Ni Y, S\u00fcltmann H, Mutz P, Hiet MS, Vondran FWR, Bartenschlager R, Urban S (2018) Hepatitis D virus replication is sensed by MDA5 and induces IFN-beta\/lambda responses in hepatocytes. J Hepatol 69(1):25\u201335","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032","volume":"74","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Urban S (2021) New insights into HDV persistence: the role of interferon response and implications for upcoming novel therapies. J Hepatol 74(3):686\u2013699","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.011","volume":"63","author":"K Giersch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giersch K, Allweiss L, Volz T, Helbig M, Bierwolf J, Lohse AW, Pollok JM, Petersen J, Dandri M, L\u00fctgehetmann M (2015) Hepatitis delta co-infection in humanized mice leads to pronounced induction of innate immune responses in comparison to HBV mono-infection. J Hepatol 63(2):346\u2013353","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12040","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12040","volume":"10","author":"S Jung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jung S, Jacobs KFK, Shein M, Sch\u00fctz AK, Mohr F, Stadler H, Stadler D, Lucko AM, Altstetter SM, Wilsch F, Deng L, Protzer U (2020) Efficient and reproducible depletion of hepatitis B virus from plasma derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 10(2):e12040","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"864_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(20)30651-6","volume":"73","author":"H Wedemeyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wedemeyer H et al (2020) AS072 - 48 weeks of high dose (10 mg) bulevirtide as monotherapy or with peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection. J Hepatol 73:S52\u2013S53","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"864_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.024","volume":"66","author":"F Lebosse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lebosse F et al (2017) Intrahepatic innate immune response pathways are downregulated in untreated chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 66(5):897\u2013909","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.042","volume":"55","author":"T Lang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lang T, Lo C, Skinner N, Locarnini S, Visvanathan K, Mansell A (2011) The hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) targets and suppresses activation of the toll-like receptor signaling pathway. J Hepatol 55(4):762\u2013769","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"38","key":"864_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10732","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i38.10732","volume":"21","author":"M Geng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geng M et al (2015) Molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus X protein function in hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 21(38):10732\u201310738","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02760-14","volume":"89","author":"Y Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu Y, Li J, Chen J, Li Y, Wang W, du X, Song W, Zhang W, Lin L, Yuan Z (2015) Hepatitis B virus polymerase disrupts K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to block innate cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways. J Virol 89(4):2287\u20132300","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.10.018","volume":"390","author":"N Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li N, Li Q, Qian Z, Zhang Y, Chen M, Shi G (2009) Impaired TLR3\/IFN-beta signaling in monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure: relevance to the severity of liver damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 390(3):630\u2013635","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"864_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Op den Brouw, M, L., et al., Hepatitis B virus surface antigen impairs myeloid dendritic cell function: a possible immune escape mechanism of hepatitis B virus. Immunology, 2009. 126(2): p. 280-289.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02896.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22751","volume":"49","author":"J Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu J, Meng Z, Jiang M, Pei R, Trippler M, Broering R, Bucchi A, Sowa JP, Dittmer U, Yang D, Roggendorf M, Gerken G, Lu M, Schlaak JF (2009) Hepatitis B virus suppresses toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses in murine parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells. Hepatology 49(4):1132\u20131140","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"864_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02844-06","volume":"81","author":"C Boni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boni C, Fisicaro P, Valdatta C, Amadei B, di Vincenzo P, Giuberti T, Laccabue D, Zerbini A, Cavalli A, Missale G, Bertoletti A, Ferrari C (2007) Characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T-cell dysfunction in chronic HBV infection. J Virol 81(8):4215\u20134225","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"864_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121960","volume":"128","author":"AR Burton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burton AR, Pallett LJ, McCoy LE, Suveizdyte K, Amin OE, Swadling L, Alberts E, Davidson BR, Kennedy PTF, Gill US, Mauri C, Blair PA, Pelletier N, Maini MK (2018) Circulating and intrahepatic antiviral B cells are defective in hepatitis B. J Clin Invest 128(10):4588\u20134603","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"864_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072076","volume":"205","author":"A Das","year":"2008","unstructured":"Das A, Hoare M, Davies N, Lopes AR, Dunn C, Kennedy PTF, Alexander G, Finney H, Lawson A, Plunkett FJ, Bertoletti A, Akbar AN, Maini MK (2008) Functional skewing of the global CD8 T cell population in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Exp Med 205(9):2111\u20132124","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.07.015","volume":"72","author":"N Le Bert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Bert N et al (2020) Comparative characterization of B cells specific for HBV nucleocapsid and envelope proteins in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 72(1):34\u201344","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"864_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121957","volume":"128","author":"L Salimzadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salimzadeh L, le Bert N, Dutertre CA, Gill US, Newell EW, Frey C, Hung M, Novikov N, Fletcher S, Kennedy PTF, Bertoletti A (2018) PD-1 blockade partially recovers dysfunctional virus-specific B cells in chronic hepatitis B infection. J Clin Invest 128(10):4573\u20134587","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.02.015","volume":"74","author":"RA Wesselhoeft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wesselhoeft RA, Kowalski PS, Parker-Hale FC, Huang Y, Bisaria N, Anderson DG (2019) RNA circularization diminishes immunogenicity and can extend translation duration in vivo. Mol Cell 74(3):508\u2013520 e4","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"13","key":"864_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7402","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00443-14","volume":"88","author":"BL Griffin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Griffin BL, Chasovskikh S, Dritschilo A, Casey JL (2014) Hepatitis delta antigen requires a flexible quasi-double-stranded RNA structure to bind and condense hepatitis delta virus RNA in a ribonucleoprotein complex. J Virol 88(13):7402\u20137411","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"864_CR118","first-page":"123","volume":"353","author":"JL Casey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casey JL (2012) Control of ADAR1 editing of hepatitis delta virus RNAs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 353:123\u2013143","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"864_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.08.006","volume":"111","author":"E Girardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Girardi E, Pfeffer S, Baumert TF, Majzoub K (2021) Roadblocks and fast tracks: how RNA binding proteins affect the viral RNA journey in the cell. Semin Cell Dev Biol 111:86\u2013100","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"864_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimzadeh H, et al., (2018) Amino acid substitutions within HLA-B*27-restricted T cell epitopes prevent recognition by hepatitis delta virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. J Virol. 92(13).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01891-17"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.003","volume":"156","author":"H Karimzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karimzadeh H, Kiraithe MM, Oberhardt V, Salimi Alizei E, Bockmann J, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Budeus B, Hoffmann D, Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M, Krawczyk A, Rashidi-Alavijeh J, Rodr\u00edguez-Fr\u00edas F, Casillas R, Buti M, Smedile A, Alavian SM, Heinold A, Emmerich F, Panning M, Gostick E, Price DA, Timm J, Hofmann M, Raziorrouh B, Thimme R, Protzer U, Roggendorf M, Neumann-Haefelin C (2019) Mutations in hepatitis D virus allow it to escape detection by CD8(+) T cells and evolve at the population level. Gastroenterology 156(6):1820\u20131833","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.005","volume":"161","author":"LG Guidotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guidotti LG, Inverso D, Sironi L, di Lucia P, Fioravanti J, Ganzer L, Fiocchi A, Vacca M, Aiolfi R, Sammicheli S, Mainetti M, Cataudella T, Raimondi A, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Protzer U, Ruggeri ZM, Chisari FV, Isogawa M, Sitia G, Iannacone M (2015) Immunosurveillance of the liver by intravascular effector CD8(+) T cells. Cell 161(3):486\u2013500","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"864_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21378","volume":"44","author":"A Warren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warren A, le Couteur DG, Fraser R, Bowen DG, McCaughan GW, Bertolino P (2006) T lymphocytes interact with hepatocytes through fenestrations in murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 44(5):1182\u20131190","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.05.033","volume":"63","author":"YC Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong YC, Tay SS, McCaughan G, Bowen DG, Bertolino P (2015) Immune outcomes in the liver: is CD8 T cell fate determined by the environment? J Hepatol 63(4):1005\u20131014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7777","key":"864_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1620-6","volume":"574","author":"AP Benechet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benechet AP et al (2019) Dynamics and genomic landscape of CD8(+) T cells undergoing hepatic priming. Nature 574(7777):200\u2013205","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100060","volume":"1","author":"CYL Tham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tham CYL, Kah J, Tan AT, Volz T, Chia A, Giersch K, Ladiges Y, Loglio A, Borghi M, Sureau C, Lampertico P, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Dandri M, Bertoletti A (2020) Hepatitis delta virus acts as an immunogenic adjuvant in hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes. Cell Rep Med 1(4):100060","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.035","volume":"156","author":"H Kefalakes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kefalakes H, Koh C, Sidney J, Amanakis G, Sette A, Heller T, Rehermann B (2019) Hepatitis D virus-specific CD8(+) T cells have a memory-like phenotype associated with viral immune escape in patients with chronic hepatitis D virus infection. Gastroenterology 156(6):1805\u20131819 e9","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"864_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.021004254.x","volume":"21","author":"GA Niro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niro GA, Gravinese E, Martini E, Garrubba M, Facciorusso D, Conoscitore P, di Giorgio G, Rizzetto M, Andriulli A (2001) Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers of hepatitis delta antibodies. Liver 21(4):254\u2013259","journal-title":"Liver"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.09.029","volume":"58","author":"L Micco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Micco L, Peppa D, Loggi E, Schurich A, Jefferson L, Cursaro C, Panno AM, Bernardi M, Brander C, Bihl F, Andreone P, Maini MK (2013) Differential boosting of innate and adaptive antiviral responses during pegylated-interferon-alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 58(2):225\u2013233","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"864_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.12.032","volume":"56","author":"A Penna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Penna A, Laccabue D, Libri I, Giuberti T, Schivazappa S, Alfieri A, Mori C, Canetti D, Lampertico P, Vigan\u00f2 M, Colombo M, Loggi E, Missale G, Ferrari C (2012) Peginterferon-alpha does not improve early peripheral blood HBV-specific T-cell responses in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 56(6):1239\u20131246","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"864_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.11.007","volume":"58","author":"R Thimme","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thimme R, Dandri M (2013) Dissecting the divergent effects of interferon-alpha on immune cells: time to rethink combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B? J Hepatol 58(2):205\u2013209","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"864_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801300106","volume":"13","author":"M Lutgehetmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lutgehetmann M, Volzt T, Quaas A, Zankel M, Fischer C, Dandri M, Petersen J (2008) Sequential combination therapy leads to biochemical and histological improvement despite low ongoing intrahepatic hepatitis B virus replication. Antivir Ther 13(1):57\u201366","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"864_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21282","volume":"44","author":"K Wursthorn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wursthorn K, Lutgehetmann M, Dandri M, Volz T, Buggisch P, Zollner B, Longerich T, Schirmacher P, Metzler F, Zankel M, Fischer C, Currie G, Brosgart C, Petersen J (2006) Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 44(3):675\u2013684","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"864_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.5.1945-1950.1989","volume":"63","author":"MY Kuo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kuo MY, Chao M, Taylor J (1989) Initiation of replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome from cloned DNA: role of delta antigen. J Virol 63(5):1945\u20131950","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-021-00864-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-021-00864-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-021-00864-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T06:31:57Z","timestamp":1672209117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-021-00864-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-021-00864-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}