{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:35:21Z","timestamp":1791293721432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) both have a myriad of risk factors including genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle. However, aging is the strongest risk factor for both diseases. Aging also profoundly influences the immune system, with immunosenescence perhaps the most prominent outcome. Through genetics, mouse models, and pathology, there is a growing appreciation of the role the immune system plays in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the intersection of aging and the immune system in AD and PD.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00944-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T18:02:52Z","timestamp":1651600972000},"page":"649-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The aging immune system in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4044-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey S.","family":"Heavener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"944_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.11.002","volume":"313","author":"M Molteni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molteni M, Rossetti C (2017) Neurodegenerative diseases: the immunological perspective. J Neuroimmunol 313:109\u2013115","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"944_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.09.008","volume":"1617","author":"KR Doty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doty KR, Guillot-Sestier MV, Town T (2015) The role of the immune system in neurodegenerative disorders: adaptive or maladaptive? Brain Res 1617:155\u2013173","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"944_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-017-0020-0","volume":"4","author":"G Del Giudice","year":"2018","unstructured":"Del Giudice G et al (2018) Fighting against a protean enemy: immunosenescence, vaccines, and healthy aging. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 4:1","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech Dis"},{"issue":"7628","key":"944_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20411","volume":"539","author":"T Wyss-Coray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wyss-Coray T (2016) Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation. Nature 539(7628):180\u2013186","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"944_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Association, A.s., 2015 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2015. 11(3): p. 332\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3039","volume":"12","author":"TJ Collier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collier TJ, Kanaan NM, Kordower JH (2011) Ageing as a primary risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from studies of non-human primates. Nat Rev Neurosci 12(6):359\u2013366","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601113340202","volume":"334","author":"DA Bennett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bennett DA et al (1996) Prevalence of parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people. N Engl J Med 334(2):71\u201376","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00480.x","volume":"92","author":"MA Hely","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hely MA et al (1995) Age at onset: the major determinant of outcome in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 92(6):455\u2013463","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"944_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.10.1611","volume":"58","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Kapadia AS (2001) Functional decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 58(10):1611\u20131615","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"944_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03944.x","volume":"18","author":"B Weinberger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B (2012) Vaccines for the elderly. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(Suppl 5):100\u2013108","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"14\u201315","key":"944_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.08.009","volume":"12","author":"J Leng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leng J, Goldstein DR (2010) Impact of aging on viral infections. Microbes Infect 12(14\u201315):1120\u20131124","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"944_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campisi, J. and F. d'Adda di Fagagna, Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2007. 8(9): p. 729\u201340.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2233"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"944_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.51.146","volume":"51","author":"N Ohtani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohtani N et al (2004) The p16INK4a-RB pathway: molecular link between cellular senescence and tumor suppression. J Med Invest 51(3\u20134):146\u2013153","journal-title":"J Med Invest"},{"issue":"7728","key":"944_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0543-y","volume":"562","author":"TJ Bussian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bussian TJ et al (2018) Clearance of senescent glial cells prevents tau-dependent pathology and cognitive decline. Nature 562(7728):578\u2013582","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"20","key":"944_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.20.9363","volume":"92","author":"GP Dimri","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dimri GP et al (1995) A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(20):9363\u20139367","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.22747","volume":"32","author":"V Paradis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paradis V et al (2001) Replicative senescence in normal liver, chronic hepatitis C, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Hum Pathol 32(3):327\u2013332","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00032.x","volume":"63","author":"A Melk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Melk A et al (2003) Cell senescence in rat kidneys in vivo increases with growth and age despite lack of telomere shortening. Kidney Int 63(6):2134\u20132143","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.029","volume":"140","author":"C Nathan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nathan C, Ding A (2010) Nonresolving inflammation. Cell 140(6):871\u2013882","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"944_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogilenko, D.A., I. Shchukina, and M.N. Artyomov, Immune ageing at single-cell resolution. Nat Rev Immunol, 2021.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00646-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00124-X","volume":"21","author":"H Akiyama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akiyama H et al (2000) Inflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 21(3):383\u2013421","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"944_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwood, E.K. and D.R. Brown, Senescent microglia: the key to the ageing brain? Int J Mol Sci, 2021. 22(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094402"},{"key":"944_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b158","volume":"338","author":"A Burns","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burns A, Iliffe S (2009) Alzheimer\u2019s disease. BMJ 338:b158","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"46","key":"944_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1402-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"LL Beason-Held","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beason-Held LL et al (2013) Changes in brain function occur years before the onset of cognitive impairment. J Neurosci 33(46):18008\u201318014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"944_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150701103107","volume":"12","author":"J Raskin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raskin J et al (2015) Neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: integrated molecular, physiological, anatomical, biomarker, and cognitive dimensions. Curr Alzheimer Res 12(8):712\u2013722","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"944_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt269","volume":"6","author":"JL Cummings","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cummings JL, Morstorf T, Zhong K (2014) Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimers Res Ther 6(4):37","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"7863","key":"944_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01546-2","volume":"594","author":"A Mullard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mullard A (2021) Landmark Alzheimer\u2019s drug approval confounds research community. Nature 594(7863):309\u2013310","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23964","volume":"74","author":"PA Boyle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boyle PA et al (2013) Much of late life cognitive decline is not due to common neurodegenerative pathologies. Ann Neurol 74(3):478\u2013489","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"944_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack CR et al (2018) NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement 14(4):535\u2013562","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0532-1","volume":"118","author":"C Duyckaerts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Potier MC (2009) Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 118(1):5\u201336","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980080612","volume":"8","author":"A Alzheimer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alzheimer A et al (1995) An English translation of Alzheimer\u2019s 1907 paper, \u201cUber eine eigenartige Erkankung der Hirnrinde.\u201d Clin Anat 8(6):429\u2013431","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s100480050011","volume":"1","author":"MB Graeber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Graeber MB et al (1997) Rediscovery of the case described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911: historical, histological and molecular genetic analysis. Neurogenetics 1(1):73\u201380","journal-title":"Neurogenetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"944_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0355","volume":"2","author":"NJ Maragakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD (2006) Mechanisms of disease: astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2(12):679\u2013689","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"944_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.01.008","volume":"88","author":"KI Mosher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mosher KI, Wyss-Coray T (2014) Microglial dysfunction in brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biochem Pharmacol 88(4):594\u2013604","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00568-3","volume":"39","author":"W Dauer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dauer W, Przedborski S (2003) Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron 39(6):889\u2013909","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"944_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.018","volume":"62","author":"DT Dexter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dexter DT, Jenner P (2013) Parkinson disease: from pathology to molecular disease mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 62:132\u2013144","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"944_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03","volume":"68","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dorsey ER et al (2007) Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology 68(5):384\u2013386","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21766","volume":"23","author":"CH Hawkes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hawkes CH (2008) Parkinson\u2019s disease and aging: same or different process? Mov Disord 23(1):47\u201353","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"944_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.123","volume":"22","author":"CW Olanow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Tatton WG (1999) Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:123\u2013144","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5321","key":"944_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","volume":"276","author":"MH Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Polymeropoulos MH et al (1997) Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 276(5321):2045\u20132047","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5646","key":"944_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090278","volume":"302","author":"AB Singleton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Singleton AB et al (2003) alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 302(5646):841","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6645","key":"944_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","volume":"388","author":"MG Spillantini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spillantini MG et al (1997) Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 388(6645):839\u2013840","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.745","volume":"51","author":"WR Gibb","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gibb WR, Lees AJ (1988) The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51(6):745\u2013752","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0227-4","volume":"114","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jellinger KA (2007) More frequent Lewy bodies but less frequent Alzheimer-type lesions in multiple system atrophy as compared to age-matched control brains. Acta Neuropathol 114(3):299\u2013303","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"944_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-9","volume":"4","author":"MR Cookson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cookson MR (2009) alpha-Synuclein and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurodegener 4:9","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008784","volume":"5","author":"V Sanchez-Guajardo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanchez-Guajardo V et al (2010) Microglia acquire distinct activation profiles depending on the degree of alpha-synuclein neuropathology in a rAAV based model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 5(1):e8784","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"944_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CARLSSON, A., M. LINDQVIST, and T. MAGNUSSON, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature, 1957. 180(4596): p. 1200.","DOI":"10.1038\/1801200a0"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"944_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-7633(20010803)2:7\/8<484::AID-CBIC484>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"2","author":"A Carlsson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carlsson A (2001) A half-century of neurotransmitter research: impact on neurology and psychiatry (Nobel lecture). ChemBioChem 2(7\u20138):484\u2013493","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR48","first-page":"9","volume":"6","author":"M Ikeda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ikeda M, Kataoka H, Ueno S (2017) Can levodopa prevent cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease? Am J Neurodegener Dis 6(2):9\u201314","journal-title":"Am J Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","volume":"41","author":"S Epelman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Epelman S, Lavine KJ, Randolph GJ (2014) Origin and functions of tissue macrophages. Immunity 41(1):21\u201335","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00113-3","volume":"117","author":"F Alliot","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alliot F, Godin I, Pessac B (1999) Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 117(2):145\u2013152","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"944_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.03.009","volume":"69","author":"K Askew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Askew K, Gomez-Nicola D (2018) A story of birth and death: insights into the formation and dynamics of the microglial population. Brain Behav Immun 69:9\u201317","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"6005","key":"944_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","volume":"330","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ginhoux F et al (2010) Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 330(6005):841\u2013845","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"944_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00045","volume":"7","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ginhoux F et al (2013) Origin and differentiation of microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 7:45","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"944_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100616-060509","volume":"34","author":"TR Hammond","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hammond TR, Robinton D, Stevens B (2018) Microglia and the brain: complementary partners in development and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 34:523\u2013544","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"944_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1997","volume":"10","author":"UK Hanisch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H (2007) Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat Neurosci 10(11):1387\u20131394","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5726","key":"944_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110647","volume":"308","author":"A Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F (2005) Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 308(5726):1314\u20131318","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"944_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","volume":"74","author":"DP Schafer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schafer DP et al (2012) Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron 74(4):691\u2013705","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10319","volume":"45","author":"WJ Streit","year":"2004","unstructured":"Streit WJ et al (2004) Dystrophic microglia in the aging human brain. Glia 45(2):208\u2013212","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"4","key":"944_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0556-6","volume":"118","author":"WJ Streit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Streit WJ et al (2009) Dystrophic (senescent) rather than activated microglial cells are associated with tau pathology and likely precede neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 118(4):475\u2013485","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"944_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.003","volume":"99","author":"RK Shahidehpour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahidehpour RK et al (2021) Dystrophic microglia are associated with neurodegenerative disease and not healthy aging in the human brain. Neurobiol Aging 99:19\u201327","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"944_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00277","volume":"9","author":"C Caldeira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caldeira C et al (2017) Key aging-associated alterations in primary microglia response to beta-amyloid stimulation. Front Aging Neurosci 9:277","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"944_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109228","volume":"35","author":"Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu Y et al (2021) Replicative senescence dictates the emergence of disease-associated microglia and contributes to A\u03b2 pathology. Cell Rep 35(10):109228","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000330254","volume":"19","author":"HM Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu HM et al (2012) Repeated lipopolysaccharide stimulation induces cellular senescence in BV2 cells. NeuroImmunoModulation 19(2):131\u2013136","journal-title":"NeuroImmunoModulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"944_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.439","volume":"41","author":"JC Lambert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lambert JC et al (2009) Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Genet 41(10):1094\u20131099","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"944_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.803","volume":"43","author":"P Hollingworth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hollingworth P et al (2011) Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A\/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Genet 43(5):429\u2013435","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"944_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.801","volume":"43","author":"AC Naj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naj AC et al (2011) Common variants at MS4A4\/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Genet 43(5):436\u2013441","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"944_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3435","volume":"16","author":"EM Bradshaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bradshaw EM et al (2013) CD33 Alzheimer\u2019s disease locus: altered monocyte function and amyloid biology. Nat Neurosci 16(7):848\u2013850","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"944_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.04.014","volume":"78","author":"A Griciuc","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griciuc A et al (2013) Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk gene CD33 inhibits microglial uptake of amyloid beta. Neuron 78(4):631\u2013643","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"944_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salih, D.A., et al., Genetic variability in response to amyloid beta deposition influences Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk. Brain Commun, 2019. 1(1): p. fcz022.","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz022"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.06.015","volume":"91","author":"FL Yeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeh FL et al (2016) TREM2 Binds to apolipoproteins, including APOE and CLU\/APOJ, and thereby facilitates uptake of amyloid-beta by microglia. Neuron 91(2):328\u2013340","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"13","key":"944_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107843","volume":"31","author":"K Srinivasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srinivasan K et al (2020) Alzheimer\u2019s patient microglia exhibit enhanced aging and unique transcriptional activation. Cell Rep 31(13):107843","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"944_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4597","volume":"20","author":"TF Galatro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galatro TF et al (2017) Transcriptomic analysis of purified human cortical microglia reveals age-associated changes. Nat Neurosci 20(8):1162\u20131171","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02926-5","volume":"9","author":"M Olah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olah M et al (2018) A transcriptomic atlas of aged human microglia. Nat Commun 9(1):539","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"944_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-121808-102144","volume":"5","author":"JP Copp\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Copp\u00e9 JP et al (2010) The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression. Annu Rev Pathol 5:99\u2013118","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.10.006","volume":"14","author":"PY Perera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perera PY et al (2012) The role of interleukin-15 in inflammation and immune responses to infection: implications for its therapeutic use. Microbes Infect 14(3):247\u2013261","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20920","volume":"58","author":"D Gomez-Nicola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gomez-Nicola D, Valle-Argos B, Nieto-Sampedro M (2010) Blockade of IL-15 activity inhibits microglial activation through the NFkappaB, p38, and ERK1\/2 pathways, reducing cytokine and chemokine release. Glia 58(3):264\u2013276","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.01.086","volume":"417","author":"Z Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huang Z, Ha GK, Petitto JM (2007) IL-15 and IL-15R alpha gene deletion: effects on T lymphocyte trafficking and the microglial and neuronal responses to facial nerve axotomy. Neurosci Lett 417(2):160\u2013164","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.07.017","volume":"36","author":"X Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu X et al (2011) Interleukin-15 affects serotonin system and exerts antidepressive effects through IL15R\u03b1 receptor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36(2):266\u2013278","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"944_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.8.1467","volume":"43","author":"AM Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders AM et al (1993) Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 43(8):1467\u20131472","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"944_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00050-X","volume":"39","author":"MJ LaDu","year":"2001","unstructured":"LaDu MJ et al (2001) Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E receptors modulate A beta-induced glial neuroinflammatory responses. Neurochem Int 39(5\u20136):427\u2013434","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","volume":"47","author":"S Krasemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krasemann S et al (2017) The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity 47(3):566-581.e9","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"7","key":"944_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","volume":"169","author":"H Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keren-Shaul H et al (2017) A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell 169(7):1276-1290.e17","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24105","volume":"70","author":"CM Henningfield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henningfield CM et al (2022) Microglia-specific ApoE knock-out does not alter Alzheimer\u2019s disease plaque pathogenesis or gene expression. Glia 70(2):287\u2013302","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"944_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickson, D.W., Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: neuropathology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2012. 2(8).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009258"},{"key":"944_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.03.003","volume":"85","author":"D Br\u00fcck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Br\u00fcck D et al (2016) Glia and alpha-synuclein in neurodegeneration: a complex interaction. Neurobiol Dis 85:262\u2013274","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.05.045","volume":"372","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee HJ et al (2008) Clearance and deposition of extracellular alpha-synuclein aggregates in microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 372(3):423\u2013428","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"944_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa090","volume":"143","author":"M Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo M et al (2020) Microglial exosomes facilitate \u03b1-synuclein transmission in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 143(5):1476\u20131497","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"944_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4132","volume":"18","author":"H Asai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asai H et al (2015) Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation. Nat Neurosci 18(11):1584\u20131593","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1404-9","volume":"10","author":"Y Xia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia Y et al (2019) Microglia as modulators of exosomal alpha-synuclein transmission. Cell Death Dis 10(3):174","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130205","volume":"13","author":"RB Banati","year":"1998","unstructured":"Banati RB, Daniel SE, Blunt SB (1998) Glial pathology but absence of apoptotic nigral neurons in long-standing Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 13(2):221\u2013227","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/neur.1996.0020","volume":"5","author":"A Cz\u0142onkowska","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cz\u0142onkowska A et al (1996) Microglial reaction in MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice model. Neurodegeneration 5(2):137\u2013143","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"6","key":"944_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0766-2","volume":"106","author":"K Imamura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Imamura K et al (2003) Distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive microglia and cytokine profile of Parkinson\u2019s disease brains. Acta Neuropathol 106(6):518\u2013526","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00578-1","volume":"72","author":"S Hunot","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hunot S et al (1996) Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscience 72(2):355\u2013363","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"944_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","volume":"38","author":"PL McGeer","year":"1988","unstructured":"McGeer PL et al (1988) Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains. Neurology 38(8):1285\u20131291","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"944_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatila, Z.K. and E.M. Bradshaw, Alzheimer\u2019s disease genetics: a dampened microglial response? Neuroscientist, 2021: p. 10738584211024531.","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584211024531"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0469-0","volume":"11","author":"L Magno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magno L et al (2019) Alzheimer\u2019s disease phospholipase C-gamma-2 (PLCG2) protective variant is a functional hypermorph. Alzheimers Res Ther 11(1):16","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00402-7","volume":"15","author":"M Takalo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takalo M et al (2020) The Alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated protective Plc\u03b32-P522R variant promotes immune functions. Mol Neurodegener 15(1):52","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22491-8","volume":"12","author":"I de Rojas","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Rojas I et al (2021) Common variants in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores. Nat Commun 12(1):3417","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"944_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007427","volume":"14","author":"N Rathore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rathore N et al (2018) Paired Immunoglobulin-like Type 2 Receptor Alpha G78R variant alters ligand binding and confers protection to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS Genet 14(11):e1007427","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"944_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K.L., et al., A common haplotype lowers PU.1 expression in myeloid cells and delays onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Neurosci, 2017. 20(8): p. 1052\u20131061.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4587"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2000.00000.x","volume":"100","author":"T Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang T et al (2000) Lysosomal cathepsin B plays an important role in antigen processing, while cathepsin D is involved in degradation of the invariant chain inovalbumin-immunized mice. Immunology 100(1):13\u201320","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"30","key":"944_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500937112","volume":"112","author":"RP McGlinchey","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGlinchey RP, Lee JC (2015) Cysteine cathepsins are essential in lysosomal degradation of \u03b1-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(30):9322\u20139327","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"944_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3955","volume":"49","author":"D Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang D et al (2017) A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies 17 new Parkinson\u2019s disease risk loci. Nat Genet 49(10):1511\u20131516","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"944_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003194","volume":"8","author":"IJ Gonzalez-Leal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Leal IJ et al (2014) Cathepsin B in antigen-presenting cells controls mediators of the Th1 immune response during Leishmania major infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(9):e3194","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"944_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, M., et al., Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 controls inflammatory cytokines production through NF-\u03baB phosphorylation and antigen presentation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Int J Mol Sci, 2020. 21(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051890"},{"issue":"25","key":"944_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10018","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200941109","volume":"109","author":"J Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu J et al (2012) Gaucher disease gene GBA functions in immune regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(25):10018\u201310023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.18806","volume":"8","author":"T Wenger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wenger T et al (2012) Autophagy inhibition promotes defective neosynthesized proteins storage in ALIS, and induces redirection toward proteasome processing and MHCI-restricted presentation. Autophagy 8(3):350\u2013363","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"944_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, K.J., et al., A human microglia-like cellular model for assessing the effects of neurodegenerative disease gene variants. Sci Transl Med, 2017. 9(421).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai7635"},{"issue":"9","key":"944_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.642","volume":"42","author":"TH Hamza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hamza TH et al (2010) Common genetic variation in the HLA region is associated with late-onset sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Genet 42(9):781\u2013785","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"944_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.10.009","volume":"93","author":"WT Wissemann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wissemann WT et al (2013) Association of Parkinson disease with structural and regulatory variants in the HLA region. Am J Hum Genet 93(5):984\u2013993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"944_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3043","volume":"46","author":"MA Nalls","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nalls MA et al (2014) Large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies six new risk loci for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Genet 46(9):989\u2013993","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002272","volume":"14","author":"NZ Steele","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steele NZ et al (2017) Fine-mapping of the human leukocyte antigen locus as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: a case-control study. PLoS Med 14(3):e1002272","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0311-9","volume":"51","author":"IE Jansen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jansen IE et al (2019) Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk. Nat Genet 51(3):404\u2013413","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"15","key":"944_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7419","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821778116","volume":"116","author":"JA Hollenbach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hollenbach JA et al (2019) A specific amino acid motif of. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(15):7419\u20137424","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"944_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.06.008","volume":"27","author":"M Quik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quik M (2004) Smoking, nicotine and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Trends Neurosci 27(9):561\u2013568","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"944_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.019","volume":"63","author":"D Mastroeni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mastroeni D et al (2018) Laser-captured microglia in the Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s brain reveal unique regional expression profiles and suggest a potential role for hepatitis B in the Alzheimer\u2019s brain. Neurobiol Aging 63:12\u201321","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"944_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.10.049","volume":"146","author":"I Shaked","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shaked I et al (2004) Early activation of microglia as antigen-presenting cells correlates with T cell-mediated protection and repair of the injured central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 146(1\u20132):84\u201393","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"19","key":"944_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03132-2","volume":"76","author":"R Das","year":"2019","unstructured":"Das R, Chinnathambi S (2019) Microglial priming of antigen presentation and adaptive stimulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 76(19):3681\u20133694","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"944_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90696-3","volume":"79","author":"PL McGeer","year":"1987","unstructured":"McGeer PL et al (1987) Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR. Neurosci Lett 79(1\u20132):195\u2013200","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR120","first-page":"182","volume":"119","author":"V Brochard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brochard V et al (2009) Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest 119(1):182\u2013192","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"944_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dressman, D. and W. Elyaman, T cells: a growing universe of roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscientist, 2021: p. 10738584211024907.","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584211024907"},{"issue":"7790","key":"944_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1895-7","volume":"577","author":"D Gate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gate D et al (2020) Clonally expanded CD8 T cells patrol the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 577(7790):399\u2013404","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"944_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, K., et al., CD4 T cells induce a subset of MHCII-expressing microglia that attenuates Alzheimer pathology. iScience, 2019. 16: p. 298\u2013311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.05.039"},{"key":"944_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00316","volume":"4","author":"DB Palmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palmer DB (2013) The effect of age on thymic function. Front Immunol 4:316","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"36","key":"944_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409155111","volume":"111","author":"Q Qi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qi Q et al (2014) Diversity and clonal selection in the human T-cell repertoire. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(36):13139\u201313144","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"944_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0611299","volume":"91","author":"D Herndler-Brandstetter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herndler-Brandstetter D et al (2012) The impact of aging on memory T cell phenotype and function in the human bone marrow. J Leukoc Biol 91(2):197\u2013205","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02296-8","volume":"18","author":"D Bhatia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhatia D et al (2021) T-cell dysregulation is associated with disease severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroinflammation 18(1):250","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"944_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02699.x","volume":"90","author":"U Fiszer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fiszer U et al (1994) Parkinson\u2019s disease and immunological abnormalities: increase of HLA-DR expression on monocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and of CD45RO+ T cells in peripheral blood. Acta Neurol Scand 90(3):160\u2013166","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"944_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00715","volume":"8","author":"L Pangrazzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pangrazzi L et al (2017) Increased IL-15 production and accumulation of highly differentiated CD8. Front Immunol 8:715","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"944_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177405","volume":"12","author":"K Verma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verma K et al (2017) Human CD8+ CD57- TEMRA cells: too young to be called \u201cold.\u201d PLoS ONE 12(5):e0177405","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"944_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02287-9","volume":"18","author":"A Kouli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kouli A et al (2021) T lymphocyte senescence is attenuated in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroinflammation 18(1):228","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"944_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.S., et al., Plasma IL-12\/IFN-\u03b3 axis predicts cognitive trajectories in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Alzheimers Dement, 2021.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12399"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00944-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00944-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00944-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T17:40:42Z","timestamp":1664386842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00944-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00944-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: EMB is a founder of IMAD Therapeutics. KSH has no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}