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Spermatogenesis is a complex, multistep process that results in the formation of motile haploid gametes, requiring an immunoregulatory environment to maintain tolerance to developing neo-antigens. Different cell types (Sertoli cells, macrophages), immunoregulatory factors and tolerance mechanisms are involved. In this context, possible effects of galectins on the immunoregulatory functions and fertilization ability of male germ cells are postulated. Galectins are pleiotropic lectins involved in the homeostasis, modulation of immune responses and pathological processes. Despite the well-recognized role of galectins in female reproduction, the functions of galectins in the male reproductive organs, particularly the testis and epididymis, remain largely unexplored. Among the galectins, galectin-1 and galectin-3 are the best-studied in these organs. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and the roles of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in testis and epididymis and discusses their functions in spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, epididymal maturation of spermatozoa and inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01032-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T04:12:27Z","timestamp":1736482347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Galectin-1 and galectin-3 in male reproduction - impact in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Fijak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiba","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1032_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Kretser DM, Loveland KL, Meinhardt A et al (1998) Spermatogenesis. 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