{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:14:31Z","timestamp":1792588471830,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"University of Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cells cross the placenta during pregnancy, resulting in proliferation of semiallogeneic cells in the mother and fetus decades later. This phenomenon, termed microchimerism, is documented across mammalian species, implying an evolutionary benefit. Still, short- and long-term effects remain uncertain. Here, we review the dynamics of microchimerism of fetal, maternal, and mother of the proband origin in relation to increasing gestational age and pregnancy complications associated with placental dysfunction including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, recurrent miscarriage, and diabetes. We use the two-stage model of preeclampsia as a framework. We recently published a series of papers independently linking increased fetal microchimerism to markers of placental dysfunction (stage 1), severe maternal hypertension (stage 2) and poor glucose control. Placental dysfunction may influence the intrinsic properties of fetal stem cells. Mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells isolated from cord blood during preeclampsia display reduced proliferative potential in vitro. Moreover, preeclampsia is shown to disrupt paracrine signaling in mesenchymal stem cells of the umbilical cord. Undesired properties in cells transferred to the mother could have profound negative effects on maternal health. Finally, recent studies indicate that microchimerism is involved in inducing maternal-fetal tolerance. Disruption of this process is associated with pregnancy complications. Long term, the persistence of microchimerism is necessary to sustain specific regulatory T cell populations in mice. This likely plays a role in the proband\u2019s future pregnancies and long-term maternal and offspring health. Current evidence indicates that advancements in our understanding of microchimerism could be instrumental in promoting reproductive and long-term health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-025-01045-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:44:27Z","timestamp":1741675467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Microchimerism and pregnancy complications with placental dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Pitz","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi E.","family":"Fjeldstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryam","family":"Sugulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Cathrine","family":"Staff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.705","volume":"93","author":"DW Bianchi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bianchi DW et al (1996) Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(2):705\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.2.705","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"1045_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.9.1301","volume":"46","author":"YM Lo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lo YM et al (2000) Quantitative analysis of the bidirectional fetomaternal transfer of nucleated cells and plasma DNA. Clin Chem 46(9):1301\u20131309","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"1045_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2005.06.003","volume":"24","author":"A Bayes-Genis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bayes-Genis A et al (2005) Identification of male cardiomyocytes of extracardiac origin in the hearts of women with male progeny: male fetal cell microchimerism of the heart. J Heart Lung Transpl 24(12):2179\u20132183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2005.06.003","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transpl"},{"issue":"11","key":"1045_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav047","volume":"21","author":"EC Rijnink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rijnink EC et al (2015) Tissue microchimerism is increased during pregnancy: a human autopsy study. Mol Hum Reprod 21(11):857\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gav047","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4161\/chim.28746","volume":"5","author":"U Mahmood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahmood U, O\u2019Donoghue K (2014) Microchimeric fetal cells play a role in maternal wound healing after pregnancy. Chimerism 5(2):40\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/chim.28746","journal-title":"Chimerism"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606169104","volume":"104","author":"JL Nelson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nelson JL et al (2007) Maternal microchimerism in peripheral blood in type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet beta cell microchimerism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(5):1637\u20131642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0606169104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.82","volume":"11","author":"HS Gammill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gammill HS et al (2014) Microchimerism in recurrent miscarriage. Cell Mol Immunol 11(6):589\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cmi.2014.82","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1045_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500059","volume":"37","author":"AM Boddy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boddy AM et al (2015) Fetal microchimerism and maternal health: a review and evolutionary analysis of cooperation and conflict beyond the womb. BioEssays 37(10):1106\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.201500059","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03379-4","volume":"14","author":"M Rosner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosner M et al (2023) Multipotent fetal stem cells in reproductive biology research. Stem Cell Res Ther 14(1):157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13287-023-03379-4","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"6664","key":"1045_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf9325","volume":"381","author":"TY Shao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao TY et al (2023) Reproductive outcomes after pregnancy-induced displacement of preexisting microchimeric cells. Science 381(6664):1324\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adf9325","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1045_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.006","volume":"162","author":"JM Kinder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kinder JM et al (2015) Cross-generational Reproductive Fitness enforced by Microchimeric Maternal Cells. Cell 162(3):505\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"28","key":"1045_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607002114","volume":"114","author":"RM Ritzel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ritzel RM et al (2017) Multiparity improves outcomes after cerebral ischemia in female mice despite features of increased metabovascular risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(28):E5673\u2013E5682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1607002114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-180695","volume":"26","author":"D Nassar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nassar D et al (2012) Fetal progenitor cells naturally transferred through pregnancy participate in inflammation and angiogenesis during wound healing. FASEB J 26(1):149\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.11-180695","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"1045_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15463","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15463","volume":"8","author":"M Castela","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castela M et al (2017) Ccl2\/Ccr2 signalling recruits a distinct fetal microchimeric population that rescues delayed maternal wound healing. Nat Commun 8:15463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15463","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"1045_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.281140","volume":"108","author":"M Alkobtawi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkobtawi M et al (2023) Contribution of fetal microchimeric cells to maternal wound healing in sickle cell ulcers. Haematologica 108(7):1920\u20131933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2022.281140","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"1045_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X19884484","volume":"13","author":"HE Fjeldstad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fjeldstad HE, Johnsen GM, Staff AC (2020) Fetal microchimerism and implications for maternal health. Obstet Med 13(3):112\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753495X19884484","journal-title":"Obstet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06357","volume":"67","author":"AC Staff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Staff AC et al (2016) Pregnancy and long-term maternal Cardiovascular Health: Progress through harmonization of research cohorts and biobanks. Hypertension 67(2):251\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06357","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1045_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu P et al (2017) Preeclampsia and Future Cardiovascular Health: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 10(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003497","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003497"},{"key":"1045_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zoet GA et al (2015) Determinants of future cardiovascular health in women with a history of preeclampsia. Maturitas, 82(2): pp. 153\u2013\u200961.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.07.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.07.004"},{"issue":"8","key":"1045_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu150","volume":"53","author":"KT Jorgensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jorgensen KT et al (2014) Increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women with pregnancy complications and poor self-rated health: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 53(8):1513\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu150","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"1045_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Artlett CM, Cox LA, Jimenez SA (2000) Detection of cellular microchimerism of male or female origin in systemic sclerosis patients by polymerase chain reaction analysis of HLA-Cw antigens. Arthritis Rheum 43(5):1062\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1529-0131(200005)43:5%3C1062::AID-ANR16%3E3.0.CO;2-P","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200005)43:5%3C1062::AID-ANR16%3E3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"1045_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson JL et al (1998) Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relationships of pregnancy in scleroderma. Lancet, 351(9102): pp. 559\u2013\u200962.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08357-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08357-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/08820130802205886","volume":"37","author":"KM Adams Waldorf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adams Waldorf KM, Nelson JL (2008) Autoimmune disease during pregnancy and the microchimerism legacy of pregnancy. Immunol Invest 37(5):631\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08820130802205886","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0615-4","volume":"17","author":"GM Florim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Florim GM et al (2015) Fetal microchimerism in kidney biopsies of lupus nephritis patients may be associated with a beneficial effect. Arthritis Res Ther 17(1):101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-015-0615-4","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"1045_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00659","volume":"10","author":"S Hahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hahn S et al (2019) Feto-maternal microchimerism: the Pre-eclampsia Conundrum. Front Immunol 10:659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00659","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14547","volume":"102","author":"HE Fjeldstad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fjeldstad HE et al (2023) Markers of placental function correlate with prevalence and quantity of nucleated fetal cells in maternal circulation in normotensive term pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 102(6):690\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.14547","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"1045_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.104114","volume":"159","author":"HE Fjeldstad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fjeldstad HE et al (2023) Poor glucose control and markers of placental dysfunction correlate with increased circulating fetal microchimerism in diabetic pregnancies. J Reprod Immunol 159:104114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2023.104114","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104206","volume":"162","author":"HE Fjeldstad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fjeldstad HE et al (2024) Fetal-origin cells in maternal circulation correlate with placental dysfunction, fetal sex, and severe hypertension during pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 162:104206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104206","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gammill HS et al (2011) Pregnancy, microchimerism, and the maternal grandmother. PLoS ONE 6(8) e24101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0024101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024101"},{"key":"1045_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.104124","volume":"159","author":"DP Jacobsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacobsen DP et al (2023) Fetal microchimerism and the two-stage model of preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 159:104124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2023.104124","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.05.004","volume":"13","author":"MA Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown MA et al (2018) The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 13:291\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.05.004","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"issue":"2S","key":"1045_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.047","volume":"226","author":"CWG Redman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Redman CWG, Staff AC, Roberts JM (2022) Syncytiotrophoblast stress in preeclampsia: the convergence point for multiple pathways. Am J Obstet Gynecol 226(2S):S907\u2013S927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.047","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1045_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staff AC (2019) The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: an update. J Reprod Immunol 134\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2019.07.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.07.004"},{"key":"1045_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.09.008","volume":"27","author":"LA Magee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magee LA et al (2022) The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 27:148\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.09.008","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"1045_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staff AC et al (2022) Failure of physiological transformation and spiral artery atherosis: their roles in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 226(2S). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.026. p. S895-S906.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.026"},{"key":"1045_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burton GJ et al (2009) Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta, 30(6): pp. 473\u2013\u200982.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.02.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.02.009"},{"key":"1045_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burton GJ et al (2009) Placental endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of unexplained intrauterine growth restriction and early onset preeclampsia. Placenta, 30 Suppl A(Suppl): pp. S43-8.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.11.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17189","volume":"111","author":"SE Maynard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maynard SE et al (2003) Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 111(5):649\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI17189","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1045_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.04.017","volume":"109","author":"B Mitlid-Mork","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mitlid-Mork B et al (2021) Circulating angiogenic profiles and histo-morphological placental characteristics of uncomplicated post-date pregnancies. Placenta 109:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.04.017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"1045_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redman CW, Staff AC (2015) Preeclampsia, biomarkers, syncytiotrophoblast stress, and placental capacity. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 213(4 Suppl): p. S9 e1, S9-11.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.03.016","volume":"183","author":"NM Fogarty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fogarty NM, Ferguson-Smith AC, Burton GJ (2013) Syncytial knots (Tenney-Parker changes) in the human placenta: evidence of loss of transcriptional activity and oxidative damage. Am J Pathol 183(1):144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.03.016","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1045_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240473","volume":"15","author":"B Mitlid-Mork","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitlid-Mork B et al (2020) Maternal placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 reference ranges in post-term pregnancies: a prospective observational study. PLoS ONE 15(10):e0240473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240473","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1045_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redman CW, Sargent IL, Staff AC (2014) IFPA Senior Award Lecture: making sense of pre-eclampsia - two placental causes of preeclampsia? Placenta, 35 Suppl: pp. S20-5.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.12.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.12.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.07.037","volume":"206","author":"S Verlohren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verlohren S et al (2012) The sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio in different types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prognostic potential in preeclamptic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(1):58e1\u201358e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.07.037","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1045_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burton GJ, Jauniaux E (2018) Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 218(2S). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577. p. S745-S761.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19482","volume":"80","author":"F Gaccioli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaccioli F et al (2023) Increased placental sFLT1 (Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase Receptor-1) drives the Antiangiogenic Profile of maternal serum Preceding Preeclampsia but not fetal growth restriction. Hypertension 80(2):325\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19482","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"1045_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.3.203","volume":"155","author":"X Xiong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiong X et al (2002) Impact of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension on birth weight by gestational age. Am J Epidemiol 155(3):203\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/155.3.203","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1045_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050902994838","volume":"22","author":"T Chaiworapongsa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaiworapongsa T et al (2009) A subset of patients destined to develop spontaneous preterm labor has an abnormal angiogenic\/anti-angiogenic profile in maternal plasma: evidence in support of pathophysiologic heterogeneity of preterm labor derived from a longitudinal study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22(12):1122\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767050902994838","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"1045_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.11.1233","author":"I Musilova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Musilova I et al (2023) sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio is associated with delivery within 7 days in women with spontaneous preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.11.1233","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1045_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13848.x","volume":"99","author":"J Dommisse","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dommisse J, Tiltman AJ (1992) Placental bed biopsies in placental abruption. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99(8):651\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13848.x","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000216014.72503.09","volume":"108","author":"C Signore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Signore C et al (2006) Circulating angiogenic factors and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 108(2):338\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.AOG.0000216014.72503.09","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1045_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01916-w","volume":"59","author":"DP Jacobsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacobsen DP et al (2022) Cardiovascular biomarkers in pregnancy with diabetes and associations to glucose control. Acta Diabetol 59(9):1229\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-022-01916-w","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1045_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348409155523","volume":"63","author":"H Madsen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Madsen H, Ditzel J (1984) Blood-oxygen transport in first trimester of diabetic pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63(4):317\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016348409155523","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"1045_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.10.004","volume":"117","author":"JM Murrieta-Coxca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murrieta-Coxca JM et al (2022) Addressing microchimerism in pregnancy by ex vivo human placenta perfusion. Placenta 117:78\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.10.004","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00666.x","volume":"61","author":"J Heinzelmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heinzelmann J et al (2009) Development of a human model to study homing behavior of immune cells into decidua and placental villi under ex vivo conditions. Am J Reprod Immunol 61(1):19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00666.x","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.12.005","volume":"146","author":"DM Morales-Prieto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morales-Prieto DM et al (2024) Transplacental migration of maternal natural killer and T cells assessed by ex vivo human placenta perfusion. Placenta 146:42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.12.005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"1045_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21037\/sci.2018.12.03","volume":"6","author":"B Al-Sowayan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Sowayan B et al (2019) An ex vivo human placental vessel perfusion method to study mesenchymal stem\/stromal cell migration. Stem Cell Investig 6:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/sci.2018.12.03","journal-title":"Stem Cell Investig"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"1045_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00068-4","volume":"91","author":"W Holzgreve","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holzgreve W et al (1998) Disturbed feto-maternal cell traffic in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 91(5 Pt 1):669\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00068-4","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1045_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adams Waldorf KM et al (2010) Dynamic changes in fetal microchimerism in maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD8\u2009+\u2009cells in normal pregnancy. Placenta, 31(7): pp. 589\u2013\u200994.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.04.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.04.013"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(91)90017-a","volume":"12","author":"MR Feneley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feneley MR, Burton GJ (1991) Villous composition and membrane thickness in the human placenta at term: a stereological study using unbiased estimators and optimal fixation techniques. Placenta 12(2):131\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0143-4004(91)90017-a","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050412331312240","volume":"14","author":"R Al-Mufti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Mufti R et al (2003) Fetal erythroblasts in maternal blood in relation to gestational age. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 14(6):392\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050412331312240","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"1045_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Askelund KJ, Chamley LW (2011) Trophoblast deportation part I: review of the evidence demonstrating trophoblast shedding and deportation during human pregnancy. Placenta, 32(10): pp. 716\u2013\u200923.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.07.081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.07.081"},{"key":"1045_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651399","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651399","volume":"12","author":"ME Haddad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haddad ME et al (2021) Factors Predicting the Presence of maternal cells in Cord Blood and Associated Changes in Immune Cell Composition. Front Immunol 12:651399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651399","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.02.004","volume":"28","author":"O Lapaire","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lapaire O et al (2007) Georg Schmorl on trophoblasts in the maternal circulation. Placenta 28(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.02.004","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V39.2.153.153","volume":"39","author":"J Schroder","year":"1972","unstructured":"Schroder J (1972) De La Chapelle, fetal lymphocytes in the maternal blood. Blood 39(2):153\u2013162","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"1045_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-197404000-00003","volume":"17","author":"J Schroder","year":"1974","unstructured":"Schroder J, Tiilikainen A (1974) De La Chapelle, fetal leukocytes in the maternal circulation after delivery. I. Cytological aspects. Transplantation 17(4):346\u2013354","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"7606","key":"1045_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(69)91642-0","volume":"1","author":"J Walknowska","year":"1969","unstructured":"Walknowska J, Conte FA, Grumbach MM (1969) Practical and theoretical implications of fetal-maternal lymphocyte transfer. Lancet 1(7606):1119\u20131122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(69)91642-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01486","volume":"62","author":"HS Gammill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gammill HS et al (2013) Cellular fetal microchimerism in preeclampsia. Hypertension 62(6):1062\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01486","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.108861","volume":"184","author":"W Holzgreve","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holzgreve W et al (2001) Elevation in erythroblast count in maternal blood before the onset of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184(2):165\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2001.108861","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1045_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13666","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13666","volume":"89","author":"SA McCartney","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCartney SA et al (2023) Increased fetal microchimerism in immune and stem cell subsets in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 89(3):e13666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13666","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1045_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-01080-0","volume":"30","author":"R Shree","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shree R et al (2023) Umbilical cord maternal microchimerism in normal and Preeclampsia pregnancies. Reprod Sci 30(4):1157\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-022-01080-0","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.218","volume":"15","author":"R Al-Mufti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Al-Mufti R et al (2000) Fetal cells in maternal blood of pregnancies with severe fetal growth restriction. Hum Reprod 15(1):218\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.218","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1045_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/19381956.2015.1017241","volume":"5","author":"HS Gammill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gammill HS et al (2014) Microchimerism in women with recurrent miscarriage. Chimerism 5(3\u20134):103\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19381956.2015.1017241","journal-title":"Chimerism"},{"key":"1045_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frascoli M et al (2018) Alloreactive fetal T cells promote uterine contractility in preterm labor via IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Sci Transl Med 10(438). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan2263","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan2263"},{"key":"1045_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Mufti R et al (2004) Fetal and embryonic hemoglobins in erythroblasts from fetal blood and fetal cells enriched from maternal blood in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 15(2): pp. 109\u2013\u200914.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050410001659824","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001659824"},{"issue":"8","key":"1045_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag063","volume":"9","author":"K O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue K et al (2003) Identification of fetal mesenchymal stem cells in maternal blood: implications for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Mol Hum Reprod 9(8):497\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gag063","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1045_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue K et al (2004) Microchimerism in female bone marrow and bone decades after fetal mesenchymal stem-cell trafficking in pregnancy. Lancet, 364(9429): pp. 179\u2013\u200982.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16631-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16631-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090504","volume":"9","author":"AI Caplan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Caplan AI (1991) Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 9(5):641\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100090504","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1045_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2013.94","volume":"45","author":"MB Murphy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med 45(11):e54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2013.94","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0051","volume":"6","author":"AI Caplan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caplan AI (2017) Mesenchymal stem cells: time to change the name! Stem Cells Transl Med 6(6):1445\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sctm.17-0051","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"1045_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guimaraes-Camboa N et al (2017) Pericytes of Multiple Organs Do Not Behave as Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vivo. Cell Stem Cell, 20(3): pp. 345\u2013359 e5.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20886","volume":"98","author":"AI Caplan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caplan AI, Dennis JE (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators. J Cell Biochem 98(5):1076\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.20886","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0674","volume":"23","author":"JH Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi JH et al (2014) Effect of mesenchymal stem cells and extracts derived from the placenta on trophoblast invasion and immune responses. Stem Cells Dev 23(2):132\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/scd.2012.0674","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"1045_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p9156731","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9156731","volume":"2016","author":"Y Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang Y et al (2016) Effects of Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on human trophoblast cell functions in Vitro. Stem Cells Int 2016:p9156731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9156731","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218437","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218437","volume":"14","author":"D Surico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Surico D et al (2019) Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-trophoblast cross-talk. PLoS ONE 14(6):e0218437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218437","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1045_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p8403192","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8403192","volume":"2020","author":"HS Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwang HS, Maeng YS (2020) Comparative analysis of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells between Preeclampsia and normal pregnant women. Stem Cells Int 2020:p8403192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8403192","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03084-7","volume":"20","author":"F Nordin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nordin F et al (2020) Preeclampsia in pregnancy affecting the stemness and differentiation potency of haematopoietic stem cell of the umbilical cord blood. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20(1):399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-020-03084-7","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"8","key":"1045_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116630417","volume":"23","author":"LL Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang LL et al (2016) Effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a rat model of Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 23(8):1058\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719116630417","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"1045_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redman CW, Sargent IL (2010) Immunology of pre-eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol, 63(6): pp. 534\u2013\u200943.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00831.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00831.x"},{"issue":"9001","key":"1045_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)91315-x","volume":"347","author":"PY Robillard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robillard PY, Hulsey TC (1996) Association of pregnancy-induced-hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia with duration of sexual cohabitation before conception. Lancet 347(9001):619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)91315-x","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7424","key":"1045_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7424.1138","volume":"327","author":"LJ Vatten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vatten LJ, Skjaerven R (2003) Effects on pregnancy outcome of changing partner between first two births: prospective population study. BMJ 327(7424):1138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7424.1138","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7418","key":"1045_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11462","volume":"490","author":"JH Rowe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rowe JH et al (2012) Pregnancy imprints regulatory memory that sustains anergy to fetal antigen. Nature 490(7418):102\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11462","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1045_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0378(01)00115-2","volume":"52","author":"PJ van den Elsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"van den Elsen PJ et al (2001) Transcriptional control of MHC genes in fetal trophoblast cells. J Reprod Immunol 52(1\u20132):129\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-0378(01)00115-2","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2004.10.002","volume":"66","author":"A Ranella","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ranella A et al (2005) Constitutive intracellular expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DO and HLA-DR but not HLA-DM in trophoblast cells. Hum Immunol 66(1):43\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2004.10.002","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.05.006","volume":"112","author":"LE Lashley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lashley LE et al (2015) Selective advantage of HLA matching in successful uncomplicated oocyte donation pregnancies. J Reprod Immunol 112:29\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2015.05.006","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.103074","volume":"137","author":"K van Bentem","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Bentem K et al (2020) The development of preeclampsia in oocyte donation pregnancies is related to the number of fetal-maternal HLA class II mismatches. J Reprod Immunol 137:103074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2019.103074","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5609","key":"1045_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079490","volume":"299","author":"S Hori","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S (2003) Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 299(5609):1057\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1079490","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah044","volume":"10","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sasaki Y et al (2004) Decidual and peripheral blood CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25\u2009+\u2009regulatory T cells in early pregnancy subjects and spontaneous abortion cases. Mol Hum Reprod 10(5):347\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gah044","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.031","volume":"150","author":"RM Samstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samstein RM et al (2012) Extrathymic generation of regulatory T cells in placental mammals mitigates maternal-fetal conflict. Cell 150(1):29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.031","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"1045_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1037","volume":"5","author":"VR Aluvihare","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aluvihare VR, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG (2004) Regulatory T cells mediate maternal tolerance to the fetus. Nat Immunol 5(3):266\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni1037","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03397.x","volume":"149","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sasaki Y et al (2007) Proportion of peripheral blood and decidual CD4(+) CD25(bright) regulatory T cells in pre-eclampsia. Clin Exp Immunol 149(1):139\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03397.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1045_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103105","volume":"139","author":"CC Keller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keller CC et al (2020) Recurrent miscarriages and the association with regulatory T cells; a systematic review. J Reprod Immunol 139:103105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103105","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1045_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000527336","volume":"31","author":"S Saito","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saito S (2022) Reconsideration of the Role of Regulatory T Cells during pregnancy: Differential characteristics of Regulatory T cells between the maternal-fetal interface and Peripheral sites and between early and late pregnancy. Med Princ Pract 31(5):403\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000527336","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"1045_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01934","volume":"9","author":"S Tsuda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsuda S et al (2018) Clonally Expanded Decidual Effector Regulatory T Cells Increase in late Gestation of normal pregnancy, but not in Preeclampsia, in humans. Front Immunol 9:1934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01934","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6548","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13066548","volume":"13","author":"D Darmochwal-Kolarz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Darmochwal-Kolarz D et al (2012) Apoptosis signaling is altered in CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory lymphocytes in pre-eclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 13(6):6548\u20136560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms13066548","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1045_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12380","volume":"74","author":"G Toldi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toldi G et al (2015) Prevalence of Regulatory T-Cell subtypes in Preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 74(2):110\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12380","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"7109","key":"1045_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05115","volume":"443","author":"CL Day","year":"2006","unstructured":"Day CL et al (2006) PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature 443(7109):350\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05115","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"1045_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36604","volume":"119","author":"D Franceschini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franceschini D et al (2009) PD-L1 negatively regulates CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25\u2009+\u2009Foxp3\u2009+\u2009Tregs by limiting STAT-5 phosphorylation in patients chronically infected with HCV. J Clin Invest 119(3):551\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI36604","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5907","key":"1045_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164511","volume":"322","author":"JE Mold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mold JE et al (2008) Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero. Science 322(5907):1562\u20131565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1164511","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"1045_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202183","volume":"190","author":"RW Nelson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelson RW et al (2013) CD4\u2009+\u2009T cell persistence and function after infection are maintained by low-level peptide:MHC class II presentation. J Immunol 190(6):2828\u20132834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1202183","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1045_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199812033392302","volume":"339","author":"WJ Burlingham","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burlingham WJ et al (1998) The effect of tolerance to noninherited maternal HLA antigens on the survival of renal transplants from sibling donors. N Engl J Med 339(23):1657\u20131664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199812033392302","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1045_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-3045","volume":"107","author":"K Matsuoka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matsuoka K et al (2006) Fetal tolerance to maternal antigens improves the outcome of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by a CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25\u2009+\u2009T-cell-dependent mechanism. Blood 107(1):404\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2005-07-3045","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"15","key":"1045_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-270942","volume":"116","author":"HS Gammill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gammill HS et al (2010) Effect of parity on fetal and maternal microchimerism: interaction of grafts within a host? Blood 116(15):2706\u20132712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2010-02-270942","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"1045_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1774","volume":"10","author":"X Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou X et al (2009) Instability of the transcription factor Foxp3 leads to the generation of pathogenic memory T cells in vivo. Nat Immunol 10(9):1000\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1774","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1045_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15717","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.15717","volume":"104","author":"AC Staff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Staff AC et al (2024) Foetal microchimerism correlates with foetal-maternal histocompatibility both during pregnancy and Postpartum. HLA 104(4):e15717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tan.15717","journal-title":"HLA"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-025-01045-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-025-01045-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-025-01045-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:32:29Z","timestamp":1778661149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-025-01045-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-025-01045-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2297","1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2297","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Roche Diagnostics have previously donated sFlt-1 and PlGF reagents in-kind to Anne Cathrine Staff. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}