{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:48:04Z","timestamp":1793213284825,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Immunopathol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-026-01069-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:22:21Z","timestamp":1775470941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Butyrate remodels the immune-epigenetic-gut-lung axis: Emerging mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives in asthma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yuqia","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guochun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daichi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonghua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suidong","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1069_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305638","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1305638","volume":"11","author":"AS Listyoko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Listyoko AS, Okazaki R, Harada T, Inui G, Yamasaki A (2024) Exploring the association between asthma and chronic comorbidities: impact on clinical outcomes. Front Med (Lausanne) 11:1305638","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.024","volume":"153","author":"SN Georas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Georas SN, Khurana S (2024) Update on asthma biology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 153(5):1215\u20131228","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.016","volume":"184","author":"H Hammad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammad H, Lambrecht BN (2021) The basic immunology of asthma. Cell 184(6):1469\u20131485","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.025","volume":"150","author":"KA Dill-McFarland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dill-McFarland KA, Schwartz JT, Zhao H, Shao B, Fulkerson PC, Altman MC et al (2022) Eosinophil-mediated suppression and anti-IL-5 enhancement of plasmacytoid dendritic cell interferon responses in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 150(3):666\u2013675","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900598","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00598-2019","volume":"54","author":"LP Boulet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boulet LP, Reddel HK, Bateman E, Pedersen S, FitzGerald JM, O\u2019Byrne PM (2019) The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA): 25\u2005years later. Eur Respir J 54(2):1900598","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.09.001","volume":"72","author":"N Hizawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hizawa N (2023) The understanding of asthma pathogenesis in the era of precision medicine. Allergol Int 72(1):3\u201310","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"1069_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403290","volume":"371","author":"HG Ortega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A et al (2014) Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 371(13):1198\u20131207","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9842","key":"1069_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60988-X","volume":"380","author":"ID Pavord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON et al (2012) Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 380(9842):651\u2013659","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1069_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, Leigh R, Olivenstein R, Katial R et al (2013) Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132(5):1086\u20131096.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.020"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2024.2342527","volume":"24","author":"R Patadia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patadia R, Casale TB, Fowler J, Patel S, Cardet JC (2024) Advancements in biologic therapy in eosinophilic asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 24(4):251\u2013261","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"1069_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamada Y, Thomas D, Harvey ES, Stevens S, Fricker M, Lewthwaite H et al (2025) Distinct trajectories of treatment response to mepolizumab toward remission in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Eur Respir J65(1):2400782","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00782-2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","volume":"5","author":"R Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira R, Fachi JL, Vieira A, Sato FT, Vinolo MAR (2016) Regulation of immune cell function by short\u2010chain fatty acids. Clin Translational Immunol 5(4):e73","journal-title":"Clin Translational Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsten S, Vromans H, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM (2023) Butyrate Protects Barrier Integrity and Suppresses Immune Activation in a Caco-2\/PBMC Co-Culture Model While HDAC Inhibition Mimics Butyrate in Restoring Cytokine-Induced Barrier Disruption. Nutrients 15(12):2760","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122760"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR14","first-page":"627","volume":"9","author":"Y Araki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Araki Y, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Itoh A, Bamba T (2002) In vitro alterations in fecal short chain fatty acids and organic anions induced by the destruction of intestinal microflora under hypotonic and aerobic conditions. Int J Mol Med 9(6):627\u2013631","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1069_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700105","volume":"199","author":"L Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng L, Kelly CJ, Battista KD, Schaefer R, Lanis JM, Alexeev EE et al (2017) Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor-Dependent Repression of Claudin-2. J Immunol 199(8):2976\u20132984","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00143614","volume":"46","author":"P Ghorbani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghorbani P, Santhakumar P, Hu Q, Djiadeu P, Wolever TM, Palaniyar N et al (2015) Short-chain fatty acids affect cystic fibrosis airway inflammation and bacterial growth. Eur Respir J 46(4):1033\u20131045","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1069_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618466","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2025.1618466","volume":"6","author":"H Tashiro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tashiro H, Kuwahara Y, Takahashi K (2025) Gut\u2013lung axis in asthma and obesity: role of the gut microbiome. Front Allergy 6:1618466","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"issue":"7","key":"1069_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16065","volume":"79","author":"M Sasaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sasaki M, Suaini NHA, Afghani J, Heye KN, O\u2019Mahony L, Venter C et al (2024) Systematic review of the association between short-chain fatty acids and allergic diseases. Allergy 79(7):1789\u20131811","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-01983-x","volume":"47","author":"BSS Tag\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tag\u00e9 BSS, Gonzatti MB, Vieira RP, Keller AC, Bortoluci KR, Aimbire F (2024) Three Main SCFAs Mitigate Lung Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling Nlrp3-Dependent in Murine HDM-Induced Neutrophilic Asthma. Inflammation 47(4):1386\u20131402","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.068","volume":"29","author":"HE Al-Rashidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Rashidi HE (2022) Gut microbiota and immunity relevance in eubiosis and dysbiosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 29(3):1628\u20131643","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"1069_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011732","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1011732","volume":"9","author":"RO Corr\u00eaa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa RO, Castro PR, Moser R, Ferreira CM, Quesniaux VFJ, Vinolo MAR et al (2022) Butyrate: Connecting the gut-lung axis to the management of pulmonary disorders. Front Nutr 9:1011732","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1069_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103836","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1103836","volume":"13","author":"V Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh V, Lee G, Son H, Koh H, Kim ES, Unno T et al (2023) Butyrate producers, The Sentinel of Gut: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics. Front Microbiol 13:1103836","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050559","volume":"14","author":"S Facchin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Facchin S, Bertin L, Bonazzi E, Lorenzon G, De Barba C, Barberio B et al (2024) Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Health: From Metabolic Pathways to Current Therapeutic Implications. Life 14(5):559","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"1069_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628453","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.628453","volume":"12","author":"W Yip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yip W, Hughes MR, Li Y, Cait A, Hirst M, Mohn WW et al (2021) Butyrate Shapes Immune Cell Fate and Function in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 12:628453","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1069_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70082","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.70082","volume":"15","author":"REM Verstegen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verstegen REM, Sparidans RW, Kostadinova AI, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Hendriks RW et al (2025) Lung Acetate Levels Decline in Correlation With Increased Type 2 Allergic Markers in a House Dust Mite Allergic Mouse Model. Clin Translational Allergy 15(8):e70082","journal-title":"Clin Translational Allergy"},{"issue":"10","key":"1069_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102275","volume":"15","author":"N Recharla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Recharla N, Geesala R, Shi X-Z (2023) Gut Microbial Metabolite Butyrate and Its Therapeutic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review. Nutrients 15(10):2275","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00524-9","volume":"15","author":"A Trompette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trompette A, Pernot J, Perdijk O, Alqahtani RAA, Domingo JS, Camacho-Mu\u00f1oz D et al (2022) Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation. Mucosal Immunol 15(5):908\u2013926","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000247","volume":"23","author":"P Guilloteau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guilloteau P, Martin L, Eeckhaut V, Ducatelle R, Zabielski R, Van Immerseel F (2010) From the gut to the peripheral tissues: the multiple effects of butyrate. Nutr Res Rev 23(2):366\u2013384","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"1069_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.104999","volume":"101","author":"M Barman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barman M, Gio-Batta M, Andrieux L, Str\u00e5vik M, Saalman R, Fristedt R et al (2024) Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in infants\u2019 plasma and corresponding mother\u2019s milk and plasma in relation to subsequent sensitisation and atopic disease. EBioMedicine 101:104999","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-33","volume":"11","author":"YF Ni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ni YF, Wang J, Yan XL, Tian F, Zhao JB, Wang YJ et al (2010) Histone deacetylase inhibitor, butyrate, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Respir Res 11(1):33","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1069_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","volume":"28","author":"JH Cummings","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ, Naylor CP, Macfarlane GT (1987) Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28(10):1221\u20131227","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1069_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvi PS, Cowles RA (2021) Butyrate and the Intestinal Epithelium: Modulation of Proliferation and Inflammation in Homeostasis and Disease. Cells 10(7):1775","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071775"},{"key":"1069_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107272","volume":"91","author":"J Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang J, Xu L, Zeng Y, Gong F (2021) Effect of gut microbiota on LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 91:107272","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.08.003","volume":"17","author":"A Andrusaite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andrusaite A, Lewis J, Frede A, Farthing A, K\u00e4stele V, Montgomery J et al (2024) Microbiota-derived butyrate inhibits cDC development via HDAC inhibition, diminishing their ability to prime T cells. Mucosal Immunol 17(6):1199\u20131211","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36941-9","volume":"9","author":"S Chriett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chriett S, D\u0105bek A, Wojtala M, Vidal H, Balcerczyk A, Pirola L (2019) Prominent action of butyrate over \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate as histone deacetylase inhibitor, transcriptional modulator and anti-inflammatory molecule. Sci Rep 9(1):742","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2015.9.4.343","volume":"9","author":"TH Jung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jung TH, Park JH, Jeon WM, Han KS (2015) Butyrate modulates bacterial adherence on LS174T human colorectal cells by stimulating mucin secretion and MAPK signaling pathway. Nutr Res Pract 9(4):343\u2013349","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"1069_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2259-4","volume":"57","author":"HB Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang HB, Wang PY, Wang X, Wan YL, Liu YC (2012) Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein Claudin-1 transcription. Dig Dis Sci 57(12):3126\u20133135","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573045","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2573045","volume":"17","author":"V Dias Nirello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dias Nirello V, Ara\u00fajo N, Carvalho de Assis H, Moreno-Gonzalez M, Ruiz P, Castro PR et al (2025) Microbiota shape the colon epithelium controlling inter-crypt absorptive goblet cells via butyrate-GP R109A signalling. Gut Microbes 17(1):2573045","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"22","key":"1069_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223953","volume":"14","author":"X Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng X, Li L, Yan L, Yan Z, Xu Z, Fan Y et al (2025) Probiotics Attenuate Food Allergy via Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Mediated Immune Modulation and Gut Barrier Restoration. Foods 14(22):3953","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"1069_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13465","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S540163","volume":"18","author":"Z Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Z, Jiang Y, Fan Q, Li S, Wang Y (2025) The Role of Butyric Acid and Microorganisms in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Microbiome-Based Therapeutics. J Inflamm Res 18:13465\u201313487","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"1069_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.115420","volume":"199","author":"M Saban G\u00fcler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saban G\u00fcler M, Arslan S, A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz D, Cerqua I, Pagano E, Berni Canani R et al (2025) Butyrate: A potential mediator of obesity and microbiome via different mechanisms of actions. Food Res Int 199:115420","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"1069_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155720","volume":"149","author":"R Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam R, Dash D, Singh R (2022) Intranasal curcumin and sodium butyrate modulates airway inflammation and fibrosis via HDAC inhibition in allergic asthma. Cytokine 149:155720","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018","volume":"50","author":"J Schulthess","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schulthess J, Pandey S, Capitani M, Rue-Albrecht KC, Arnold I, Franchini F et al (2019) The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages. Immunity 50(2):432\u2013445e437","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1069_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639606","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639606","volume":"16","author":"C Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu C, Zeng Z, Chen M, Fan Y, Huang Q, Wu J (2025) Immunomodulatory roles of butyrate in asthma: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Front Immunol 16:1639606","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1069_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201073","volume":"13","author":"S Yuille","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuille S, Reichardt N, Panda S, Dunbar H, Mulder IE (2018) Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS ONE 13(7):e0201073","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L65","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00421.2020","volume":"321","author":"Q Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Q, Tian X, Maruyama D, Arjomandi M, Prakash A (2021) Lung immune tone via gut-lung axis: gut-derived LPS and short-chain fatty acids\u2019 immunometabolic regulation of lung IL-1\u03b2, FFAR2, and FFAR3 expression. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 321(1):L65-L78","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"1069_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8821610","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8821610","volume":"2023","author":"Y Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng Y, Zhou M, Yang H, Qu R, Qiu Y, Hao J et al (2023) Regulatory Mechanism of M1\/M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2023:8821610","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxab028","volume":"207","author":"C Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang C, Du W, Ni Y, Lan G, Shi G (2022) The effect of short-chain fatty acids on M2 macrophages polarization in vitro and in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 207(1):53\u201364","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115276","volume":"165","author":"H Duan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H (2023) The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother 165:115276","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0531","volume":"98","author":"X Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang X, Huang X, Tong Y, Gao H (2020) Butyrate improves cardiac function and sympathetic neural remodeling following myocardial infarction in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 98(6):391\u2013399","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1069_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106062","volume":"78","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhu L, Yang X, He F, Wang T et al (2020) Inulin alleviates inflammation of alcoholic liver disease via SCFAs-inducing suppression of M1 and facilitation of M2 macrophages in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 78:106062","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"1069_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.109962","volume":"144","author":"M Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang M, Incarnato D, Modderman R, Lazaro AA, Jonkers IH, Bianchi F et al (2025) Low butyrate concentrations exert anti-inflammatory and high concentrations exert pro-inflammatory effects on macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 144:109962","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"1069_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897462","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.897462","volume":"13","author":"KR Wilson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilson KR, Gressier E, McConville MJ, Bedoui S (2022) Microbial Metabolites in the Maturation and Activation of Dendritic Cells and Their Relevance for Respiratory Immunity. Front Immunol 13:897462","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.09.027","volume":"533","author":"W Xiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiu W, Chen Q, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhou Z (2020) Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acid promotion of Amphiregulin expression by dendritic cells is regulated by GPR43 and Blimp-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 533(3):282\u2013288","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1069_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115773","volume":"168","author":"S Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu S, Gao Y, Ma J, Yan Q (2023) Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids functions in the biology of B lymphocytes: From differentiation to antibody formation. Biomed Pharmacother 168:115773","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"1069_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231187824","volume":"102","author":"L Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu L, Luo Z, Chen Y, Yan Z, Fu J, Jiang Y et al (2023) Butyrate Inhibits Dendritic Cell Activation and Alleviates Periodontitis. J Dent Res 102(12):1326\u20131336","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.75","volume":"11","author":"A Cait","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cait A, Hughes MR, Antignano F, Cait J, Dimitriu PA, Maas KR et al (2018) Microbiome-driven allergic lung inflammation is ameliorated by short-chain fatty acids. Mucosal Immunol 11(3):785\u2013795","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.001","volume":"148","author":"RL Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller RL, Grayson MH, Strothman K (2021) Advances in asthma: New understandings of asthma\u2019s natural history, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and clinical management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 148(6):1430\u20131441","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00576","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021","volume":"8","author":"J Maspero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maspero J, Adir Y, Al-Ahmad M, Celis-Preciado CA, Colodenco FD, Giavina-Bianchi P et al (2022) Type 2 inflammation in asthma and other airway diseases. ERJ Open Res 8(3):00576\u201302021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02438-z","volume":"23","author":"M Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang M, Li Z, Zhang F, Li Z, Xu D, Jing J et al (2023) Butyrate inhibits iILC2-mediated lung inflammation via lung-gut axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BMC Pulm Med 23(1):163","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"1069_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02051","volume":"10","author":"G Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis G, Wang B, Shafiei Jahani P, Hurrell BP, Banie H, Aleman Muench GR et al (2019) Dietary Fiber-Induced Microbial Short Chain Fatty Acids Suppress ILC2-Dependent Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 10:2051","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6263447","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6263447","volume":"2024","author":"M Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang M, Wang J, Li Z, Xu D, Jing J, Li F et al (2024) Dietary Fiber-Derived Microbial Butyrate Suppresses ILC2\u2010Dependent Airway Inflammation in COPD. Mediat Inflamm 2024:6263447","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43903-x","volume":"14","author":"H Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu H, Yi X, Cui Z, Li H, Zhu L, Zhang L et al (2023) Maternal antibiotic exposure enhances ILC2 activation in neonates via downregulation of IFN1 signaling. Nat Commun 14(1):8332","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70044","volume":"36","author":"W Zou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zou W, Ma D, Sun F, Chen Z, Chen Y, Li X et al (2025) Maternal OM-85 administration alleviates offspring allergic airway inflammation by downregulating IL\u201033\/ILC2 axis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 36(2):e70044","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.07.023","volume":"154","author":"A Kabil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kabil A, Nayyar N, Brassard J, Li Y, Chopra S, Hughes MR et al (2024) Microbial intestinal dysbiosis drives long-term allergic susceptibility by sculpting an ILC2\u2013B1 cell\u2013innate IgE axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 154(5):1260\u20131276e1269","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.032","volume":"142","author":"CL-P Thio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thio CL-P, Chi P-Y, Lai AC-Y, Chang Y-J (2018) Regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cell\u2013dependent airway hyperreactivity by butyrate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 142(6):1867\u20131883e1812","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05901-2","volume":"9","author":"M Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun M, Wu W, Chen L, Yang W, Huang X, Ma C et al (2018) Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote Th1 cell IL-10 production to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Nat Commun 9(1):3555","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363020","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2363020","volume":"16","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang W, Yu T, Liu X, Yao S, Khanipov K, Golovko G et al (2024) Microbial metabolite butyrate modulates granzyme B in tolerogenic IL-10 producing Th1 cells to regulate intestinal inflammation. Gut Microbes 16(1):2363020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"9","key":"1069_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz046","volume":"25","author":"L Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen L, Sun M, Wu W, Yang W, Huang X, Xiao Y et al (2019) Microbiota Metabolite Butyrate Differentially Regulates Th1 and Th17 Cells\u2019 Differentiation and Function in Induction of Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 25(9):1450\u20131461","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1069_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00400","volume":"10","author":"FM Behr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Behr FM, Kragten NAM, Wesselink TH, Nota B, van Lier RAW, Amsen D et al (2019) Blimp-1 Rather Than Hobit Drives the Formation of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8\u2009+\u2009T Cells in the Lungs. Front Immunol 10:400","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02263-2","volume":"10","author":"B Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu B, Pei C, Peng W, Zheng Y, Fu Y, Wang X et al (2025) Microbiota-derived butyrate alleviates asthma via inhibiting Tfh13-mediated IgE production. Signal Transduct Target Therapy 10(1):181","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"key":"1069_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00067","volume":"10","author":"RS Vieira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vieira RS, Castoldi A, Basso PJ, Hiyane MI, C\u00e2mara NOS, Almeida RR (2019) Butyrate Attenuates Lung Inflammation by Negatively Modulating Th9 Cells. Front Immunol 10:67","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR73","first-page":"100163","volume":"2","author":"MT Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang MT, Chiu CJ, Tsai CY, Lee YR, Liu WL, Chuang HL et al (2023) Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate allergic airway inflammation via sequential induction of PMN-MDSCs and Treg cells. J Allergy Clin Immunology: Global 2(4):100163","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunology: Global"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12356","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12356","volume":"14","author":"XL Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song XL, Liang J, Lin SZ, Xie YW, Ke CH, Ao D et al (2024) Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective. Clin Translational Allergy 14(5):e12356","journal-title":"Clin Translational Allergy"},{"key":"1069_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358597","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1358597","volume":"15","author":"M Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun M, Lu F, Yu D, Wang Y, Chen P, Liu S (2024) Respiratory diseases and gut microbiota: relevance, pathogenesis, and treatment. Front Microbiol 15:1358597","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.101013","volume":"18","author":"CY Chiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiu CY, Chiang MH, Kuo CN, Cheng ML, Lin G (2025) Multi-biofluid metabolomics analysis of allergic respiratory rhinitis and asthma in early childhood. World Allergy Organ J 18(1):101013","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"1069_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572787","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1572787","volume":"16","author":"V Rijks","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rijks V, Zuurveld M, Garssen J, Kostadinova AI, Willemsen LEM (2025) The potential immunomodulatory role of human milk oligosaccharides in prevention of viral infections and development of asthma in early life. Front Immunol 16:1572787","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120972","volume":"309","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wei Z et al (2022) Rectal administration of butyrate ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis in mice through induction of hepatocyte growth factor in the colon via the HDAC-PPAR\u03b3 pathway. Life Sci 309:120972","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1069_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686548","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.686548","volume":"9","author":"X Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu X, Sun M, Yang Z, Lu C, Wang Q, Wang H et al (2021) The Roles of CCR9\/CCL25 in Inflammation and Inflammation-Associated Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:686548","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"1069_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635809","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3635809","volume":"2016","author":"C L\u00f3pez-Pacheco","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pacheco C, Soldevila G, Du Pont G, Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando R, Garc\u00eda-Zepeda EA (2016) CCR9 Is a Key Regulator of Early Phases of Allergic Airway Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016:3635809","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35347-6","volume":"13","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao M, Shao F, Yu D, Zhang J, Liu Z, Ma J et al (2022) Maturation and specialization of group 2 innate lymphoid cells through the lung-gut axis. Nat Commun 13(1):7600","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52252-2","volume":"15","author":"K Bao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bao K, Gu X, Song Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Yu X et al (2024) TCF-1 and TOX regulate the memory formation of intestinal group 2 innate lymphoid cells in asthma. Nat Commun 15(1):7850","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1069_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6263447","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6263447","volume":"2024","author":"M Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang M, Wang J, Li Z, Xu D, Jing J, Li F et al (2024) Dietary Fiber-Derived Microbial Butyrate Suppresses ILC2-Dependent Airway Inflammation in COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2024:6263447","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13905","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13905","volume":"34","author":"CY Chiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiu CY, Chang KC, Chang LC, Wang CJ, Chung WH, Hsieh WP et al (2023) Phenotype-specific signatures of systems\u2010level gut microbiome associated with childhood airway allergies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 34(1):e13905","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05837-y","volume":"7","author":"Q Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan Q, Zhang X, Xie Y, Yang J, Liu C, Zhang M et al (2024) Bronchial epithelial transcriptomics and experimental validation reveal asthma severity-related neutrophilc signatures and potential treatments. Commun Biol 7(1):181","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01526-8","volume":"45","author":"F Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen F, Yu M, Zhong Y, Wang L, Huang H (2022) Characteristics and Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Asthma. Inflammation 45(1):6\u201313","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"1069_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.07.003","volume":"38","author":"A Ray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ray A, Kolls JK (2017) Neutrophilic Inflammation in Asthma and Association with Disease Severity. Trends Immunol 38(12):942\u2013954","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022","volume":"48","author":"A Trompette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Pattaroni C, Lopez-Mejia IC, Riva E, Pernot J et al (2018) Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c\u2013 Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and CD8\u2009+\u2009T Cell Metabolism. Immunity 48(5):992\u20131005e1008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1069_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9902438","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9902438","volume":"2022","author":"M Ozimek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ozimek M, Ivashkin V, Zolnikova O, Potskherashvili N, Ivashkin K, Dzhakhaya N et al (2022) A Metabolic Activity Recovery of the Intestinal Microbiota in the Patients with Bronchial Asthma. Pulmonary Med 2022:9902438","journal-title":"Pulmonary Med"},{"key":"1069_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciel-Fiuza MF, Muller GC, Campos DMS, do, Socorro Silva Costa P, Peruzzo J, Bonamigo RR et al (2023) Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1098386","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1098386"},{"issue":"16","key":"1069_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002339","volume":"135","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang S, Borody TJ, Zhang F (2022) Encyclopedia of fecal microbiota transplantation: a review of effectiveness in the treatment of 85 diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 135(16):1927\u20131939","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115684","volume":"44","author":"M Ramar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramar M, Wiscovitch-Russo R, Yano N, Singh H, Lamere E, Short M et al (2025) Live bacteria in gut microbiome dictate asthma onset triggered by environmental particles via modulation of DNA methylation in dendritic cells. Cell Rep 44(5):115684","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.06.002","volume":"150","author":"S Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma S, Yang IV, Schwartz DA (2022) Epigenetic regulation of immune function in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 150(2):259\u2013265","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1069_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1159\/000536460","volume":"185","author":"DP Potaczek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Potaczek DP, Bazan-Socha S, Wypasek E, Wygrecka M, Garn H (2024) Recent Developments in the Role of Histone Acetylation in Asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 185(7):641\u2013651","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117295","volume":"179","author":"S-Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang S-Y, Zhang L-Y, Wen R, Yang N, Zhang T-N (2024) Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 179:117295","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"7","key":"1069_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201073","volume":"13","author":"D Nie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nie D, Yuille S, Reichardt N, Panda S, Dunbar H, Mulder IE (2018) Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS ONE 13(7):e0201073","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.5.2239","volume":"75","author":"G Vidali","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vidali G, Boffa LC, Bradbury EM, Allfrey VG (1978) Butyrate suppression of histone deacetylation leads to accumulation of multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4 and increased DNase I sensitivity of the associated DNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75(5):2239\u20132243","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"24","key":"1069_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12181","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02116H","volume":"12","author":"G Dang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dang G, Wu W, Zhang H, Everaert N (2021) A new paradigm for a new simple chemical: butyrate & immune regulation. Food Funct 12(24):12181\u201312193","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"8","key":"1069_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14254","volume":"75","author":"J Folkerts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Folkerts J, Redegeld F, Folkerts G, Blokhuis B, van den Berg MPM, de Bruijn MJW et al (2020) Butyrate inhibits human mast cell activation via epigenetic regulation of Fc\u03b5RI-mediated signaling. Allergy 75(8):1966\u20131978","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"19","key":"1069_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17924","volume":"27","author":"R Gudneppanavar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gudneppanavar R, Sabu Kattuman EE, Teegala LR, Southard E, Tummala R, Joe B et al (2023) Epigenetic histone modification by butyrate downregulates KIT and attenuates mast cell function. J Cell Mol Med 27(19):2983\u20132994","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1069_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51680","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451680","volume":"55","author":"J Folkerts","year":"2025","unstructured":"Folkerts J, de Bruijn MJW, van Ijcken WFJ, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R (2025) Butyrate Selectively Targets Super-Enhancers and Transcriptional Networks Associated with Human Mast Cell Function. Eur J Immunol 55(6):e51680","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxab028","volume":"207","author":"C Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang C, Du W, Ni Y, Lan G, Shi G (2022) The effect of short-chain fatty acids on M2 macrophages polarizationin vitroandin vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 207(1):53\u201364","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115276","volume":"165","author":"H Duan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H (2023) The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother 165:115276","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13603-6","volume":"11","author":"HN Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez HN, Moroney JB, Gan H, Shen T, Im JL, Li T et al (2020) B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulation of antibody responses by dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids. Nat Commun 11(1):60","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"1069_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1159\/000538252","volume":"185","author":"Z Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao Z, Ding Z, Liu Z, Shi Y, Zhang Q (2024) miR-21-5p Modulates Airway Inflammation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Processes in a Mouse Model of Combined Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 185(8):775\u2013785","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425920901563","volume":"27","author":"SMMAE ElKashef","year":"2020","unstructured":"ElKashef SMMAE, Ahmad SE-A, Soliman YMA, Mostafa MS (2020) Role of microRNA-21 and microRNA-155 as biomarkers for bronchial asthma. Innate Immun 27(1):61\u201369","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.05.005","volume":"16","author":"AT Dang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dang AT, Begka C, Pattaroni C, Caley LR, Floto RA, Peckham DG et al (2023) Butyrate regulates neutrophil homeostasis and impairs early antimicrobial activity in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 16(4):476\u2013485","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478624","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1478624","volume":"15","author":"C Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie C, Yang J, Gul A, Li Y, Zhang R, Yalikun M et al (2024) Immunologic aspects of asthma: from molecular mechanisms to disease pathophysiology and clinical translation. Front Immunol 15:1478624","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02233-w","volume":"48","author":"Y Lai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lai Y, Qiu R, Zhou J, Ren L, Qu Y, Zhang G (2025) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alleviates Airway Inflammation in Asthmatic Rats by Increasing the Level of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Intestine. Inflammation 48(3):1538\u20131552","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13750","volume":"171","author":"H Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao H, Lt F, Az T, Hl C, Ml X, Xs W et al (2024) Mycobacterium vaccae alleviates allergic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic mice by altering intestinal microbiota. Immunology 171(4):595\u2013608","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1069_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371064","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064","volume":"11","author":"GFG Bezemer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bezemer GFG, Diks MAP, Mortaz E, van Ark I, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Kraneveld AD et al (2024) A synbiotic mixture of Bifidobacterium breve M16-V, oligosaccharides and pectin, enhances Short Chain Fatty Acid production and improves lung health in a preclinical model for pulmonary neutrophilia. Front Nutr 11:1371064","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1069_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.05.019","volume":"32","author":"LA Hesser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hesser LA, Puente AA, Arnold J, Ionescu E, Mirmira A, Talasani N et al (2024) A synbiotic of Anaerostipes caccae and lactulose prevents and treats food allergy in mice. Cell Host Microbe 32(7):1163\u20131176e1166","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"12","key":"1069_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgac078","volume":"74","author":"JX Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu JX, Yuan HY, Li YN, Wei Z, Liu Y, Liang J (2022) Ephedra sinica polysaccharide alleviates airway inflammations of mouse asthma-like induced by PM2.5 and ovalbumin via the regulation of gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid. J Pharm Pharmacol 74(12):1784\u20131796","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1069_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10605","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03470D","volume":"14","author":"S Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo S, Shi Y, Xu A, Wang Y, Xu P (2023) Liubao tea extract ameliorates ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma by regulating gut microbiota in mice. Food Funct 14(23):10605\u201310616","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"1069_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805770","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.805770","volume":"13","author":"E Alharris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alharris E, Mohammed A, Alghetaa H, Zhou J, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P (2022) The Ability of Resveratrol to Attenuate Ovalbumin-Mediated Allergic Asthma Is Associated With Changes in Microbiota Involving the Gut-Lung Axis, Enhanced Barrier Function and Decreased Inflammation in the Lungs. Front Immunol 13:805770","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1069_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116300","volume":"309","author":"R He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He R, Wang S, Yang S, Liu R, Nan N, Lu X et al (2023) Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang regulates the T-helper-type 1\/T-helper-type 2 ratio in the lung and gut and alters gut microbiota in rats with ovalbumin-induced asthma. J Ethnopharmacol 309:116300","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01190-x","volume":"8","author":"S Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao S, Budina E, Raczy MM, Solanki A, Nguyen M, Beckman TN et al (2024) A serine-conjugated butyrate prodrug with high oral bioavailability suppresses autoimmune arthritis and neuroinflammation in mice. Nat Biomedical Eng 8(5):611\u2013627","journal-title":"Nat Biomedical Eng"},{"key":"1069_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104083","volume":"314","author":"IAO Alhirmizi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhirmizi IAO, Uysal F, Arslan SO, \u00d6z\u00fcnl\u00fc S, Ko\u00e7 A, Parlar A et al (2023) Fenofibrate attenuates asthma features in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model via suppressing NF-\u03baB binding activity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 314:104083","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1069_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7101407","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7101407","volume":"2020","author":"SK Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu SK, Ma LB, Yuan Y, Ji XY, Sun WJ, Duan JX et al (2020) Alanylglutamine Relieved Asthma Symptoms by Regulating Gut Microbiota and the Derived Metabolites in Mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020:7101407","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36678-0","volume":"13","author":"R Islam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam R, Dash D, Singh R (2023) An antioxidant ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting HDAC 1 via HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF axis suppression in mice. Sci Rep 13(1):9637","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"1069_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9420","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179420","volume":"25","author":"Q Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Q, Guo M, Wang H, Liu H, Wei Y, Wang X et al (2024) A Butyrate-Yielding Dietary Supplement Prevents Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury by Modulating Nrf2-Mediated Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 25(17):9420","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13368","volume":"32","author":"J Chang-Chien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang-Chien J, Huang HY, Tsai HJ, Lo CJ, Lin WC, Tseng YL et al (2021) Metabolomic differences of exhaled breath condensate among children with and without asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 32(2):264\u2013272","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-026-01069-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00281-026-01069-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00281-026-01069-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:02:48Z","timestamp":1775476968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00281-026-01069-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-026-01069-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights and informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}