{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:29:02Z","timestamp":1792636142108,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T11:25:22Z","timestamp":1533554722000},"page":"774-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Clostridium difficile, the Difficult \u201cKloster\u201d Fuelled by Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Leon M. T.","family":"Dicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse S.","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Brandsborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Marcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00845-13","volume":"51","author":"VC Antharam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antharam VC, Li EC, Ishmael A, Sharma A, Mai V, Rand KH, Wang GP (2013) Intestinal dysbiosis and depletion of butyrogenic bacteria in Clostridium difficile infection and nosocomial diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 51:2884\u20132892","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494:1503","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01664-10","volume":"55","author":"LC Antunes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antunes LC, Han J, Ferreira RB, Lolic P, Borchers CH, Finlay BB (2011) The effect of antibiotic treatment on the intestinal metabolome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:1494:1503","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816","volume":"307","author":"F B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2005","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckhed F, Ley R, Sonnenburg J, Peterson D, Gordon J (2005) Host\u2013bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307:1915\u20131920","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1365-1368.2004","volume":"48","author":"MC Barc","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barc MC, Bourlioux F, Rigottier-Gois L, Charrin-Sarnel C, Janoir C, Boureau H, Dor\u00e9 J, Collignon A (2004) Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on human fecal flora in a gnotobiotic mouse model assessed with fluorescence hybridization using group-specific 16S rRNA probes in combination with flow cytometry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48(4):1365\u20131368","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1543_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199611000-00005","volume":"8","author":"JG Bartlett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bartlett JG (1996) Management of Clostridium difficile infection and other ntibiotic-associated diarrhoeas. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:1054\u20131061","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp011603","volume":"346","author":"JG Bartlett","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bartlett JG (2002) Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 346:334\u2013339","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01531.x","volume":"17","author":"L Beaugerie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beaugerie L, Flahault A, Barbut F, Atlan P, Lalande V, Cousin P, Cadilhac M, Petit JC (2003) Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile in the community. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:905\u2013912","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2003.10.002","volume":"18","author":"L Beaugerie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beaugerie L, Petit J-C (2004) Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 18(2):337\u2013352","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108383","volume":"57","author":"JH Bond","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bond JH, Levitt MD (1976) Fate of soluble carbohydrates in the colon of rats and man. J Clin Investig 57:1158\u20131164","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"1543_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05496-11","volume":"80","author":"CG Buffie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buffie CG, Jarchum I, Equinda M, Lipuma L, Gobourne A, Viale A, Ubeda C, Xavier J, Pamer EG (2012) Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis. Infect Immun 80:62\u201373","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1543_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199410000-00019","volume":"36","author":"JP Buts","year":"1994","unstructured":"Buts JP, De KN, De RL (1994) Saccharomyces boulardii enhances rat intestinal enzyme expression by endoluminal release of polyamines. Pediatr Res 36:522\u2013527","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"1543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519","volume":"17","author":"RB Canani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Canani RB, Costanzo MD, Leone L, Pedata M, Meli R, Calignano A (2011) Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 17:1519\u20131528","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1086\/651706","volume":"31","author":"SH Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox MH (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31(5):431\u2013455","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"1543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.49.1.250-252.1985","volume":"49","author":"G Corthier","year":"1985","unstructured":"Corthier G, Dubos F, Raibaud P (1985) Modulation of cytotoxin production by Clostridium difficile in the intestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with various human intestinal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:250\u2013252","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2937","volume":"11","author":"PD Cotter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2013) Bacteriocins\u2014a viable alternative to antibiotics? Nature reviews Microbiol 11:95\u2013105","journal-title":"Nature reviews Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.2741\/3820","volume":"16","author":"ZL Dai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dai ZL, Wu G, Zhu WY (2011) Amino acid metabolism in intestinal bacteria: links between gut ecology and host health. Front Biosci 16:1768\u20131786","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"1543_CR17","unstructured":"Department of Health (2008) Clostridium difficile infection: how to deal with the problem. Available from: http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/web\/HPAwebFile\/ HPAweb_C\/1232006607827"},{"key":"1543_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-014-0954-4","volume":"65","author":"LMT Dicks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dicks LMT, Botha M, Loos B, Smith C (2015) Adhesion of Lactobacillus reuteri strain Lr1 to equine epithelial cells and competitive exclusion of Clostridium difficile from the gastro-intestinal tract of horses. Ann Microbiol 65:1087\u20131096","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1754-7","volume":"29","author":"G Dobson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dobson G, Hickey C, Trinder J (2003) Clostridium difficile colitis causing toxic megacolon, severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Intensive Care Med 29:1030","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1543_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.027","author":"A Durovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durovic A, Widmer AF, Tschudin-Sutter S (2018) New insights into transmission of Clostridium difficile infection\u2014narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.027","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1543_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","volume":"308","author":"PB Eckburg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA (2005) Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308:1635\u20131638","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1543_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7835","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01296-06","volume":"72","author":"G Falony","year":"2006","unstructured":"Falony G, Vlachou A, Verbrugghe K, De Vuyst L (2006) Cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and acetate-converting, butyrate-producing colon bacteria during growth on oligofructose. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7835\u20137841","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1543_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.003","volume":"16","author":"JA Ferreyra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferreyra JA, Wu KJ, Hryckowian AJ, Bouley DM, Weimer BC, Sonnenburg JL (2014) Gut microbiota-produced succinate promotes C. difficile infection after antibiotic treatment or motility disturbance. Cell Host Microbe 16(6):770\u2013777","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1543_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","volume":"3","author":"HJ Flint","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flint HJ, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Louis P, Forano E (2012) Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes 3:289\u2013306","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1543_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200603000-00022","volume":"40","author":"MH Floch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Floch MH, Madsen KK, Jenkins DJA, Guandalini S, Katz JA, Onderdonk A, Walker WA, Fedorak RN, Camilleri M (2006) Recommendations for probiotic use. J Clin Gastroenterol 40:275\u2013278","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68417-1","volume":"367","author":"J Freeman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freeman J, Fawley WN, Baines S, Wilcox M (2006) Measurement of toxin production by Clostridium difficile. Lancet 367:982\u2013983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1543_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","volume":"504","author":"Y Furusawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, Nakanishi Y, Uetake C, Kato K, Kato T, Takahashi M, Fukuda NN, Murakami S, Miyauchi F, Hino S, Atarashi K, Onawa S, Fujimura Y, Lockett T, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Tomita M, Hori S, Ohara O, Morita T, Koseki H, Kikuchi J, Honda K, Hase K, Ohno H (2013) Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504:446\u2013450","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1543_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2307\/30141083","volume":"16","author":"DN Gerding","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, Mulligan ME, Silva J Jr (1995) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16:459\u2013477","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"1543_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub4","author":"JZ Goldenberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, Lo CKF, Beardsley J, Mertz D, Johnston BC (2017) Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridum difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1543_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92646-8","volume":"2","author":"SL Gorbach","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gorbach SL, Chang T-W, Goldin B (1987) Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. Lancet 2:1519","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2478","volume":"45","author":"M He","year":"2013","unstructured":"He M, Miyajima F, Roberts P, Ellison L, Pickard DJ, Martin MJ, Connor TR, Harris SR, Fairley D, Bamford KB, D\u2019Arc S, Brazier J, Brown D, Coia JE, Douce G, Gerding D, Kim HJ, Koh TH, Kato H, Senoh M, Louie T, Michell S, Butt E, Peacock SJ, Brown NM, Riley T, Songer G, Wilcox M, Pirmohamed M, Kuijper E, Hawkey P, Wren BW, Dougan G, Parkhill J, Lawley TD (2013) Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile. Nat Genet 45(1):109\u2013113","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1543_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26145-0","volume":"149","author":"C Hennequin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hennequin C, Janoir C, Barc MC, Collignon A, Karjalainen T (2003) Identification and characterization of a fibronectin-binding protein from Clostridium difficile. Microbiol 149:2779\u20132787","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-1-87","volume":"147","author":"C Hennequin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hennequin C, Porcheray F, Waligora-Dupriet A-J, Collignon A, Barc MC, Bourlioux P, Karjalainen T (2001) GroEL (Hsp60) of Clostridium difficile is involved in cell adherence. Microbiology 147:87\u201396","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1503.080312","volume":"15","author":"TJ Henrich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henrich TJ, Krakower D, Bitton A, Yokoe DS (2009) Clinical risk factors for severe Clostridium difficile\u2013associated disease. Emerg Infect Dis 15(3):415\u2013422","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11399115","volume":"4","author":"M Hickson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hickson M (2011) Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile infection. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 4(3):185\u2013197","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1086\/514958","volume":"27","author":"C Hogenauer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hogenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ, Reisinger EC (1998) Mechanisms and management of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 27:702\u2013710","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1543_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.038","volume":"136","author":"MY Hu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hu MY, Katchar K, Kyne L, Maroo S, Tummala S, Dreisbach V, Xu H, Leffler D, Kelly CP (2009) Prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterol 136:1206\u20131214","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"47","key":"1543_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17788","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17788","volume":"20","author":"I Issa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Issa I, Moucari R (2014) Probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea: do we have a verdict? World J Gastroenterol 20(47):17788\u201317795","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.12.028","volume":"5","author":"M Issa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Issa M, Vijayapal A, Graham MB, Beaulieu DB, Otterson MF, Lundeen S, Skaros S, Weber LR, Komorowski RA, Knox JF, Emmons J, Bajaj JS, Binion DG (2007) Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:345\u2013351","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1543_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181d29767","volume":"51","author":"S Jangi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jangi S, Lamont JT (2010) Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 51:2\u20137","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwm004","volume":"17","author":"T Jank","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jank T, Giesemann T, Aktories K (2007) Rho-glucosylating Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: new insights into structure and function. Glycobiol 17(4):15R\u201319R","journal-title":"Glycobiol"},{"key":"1543_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.10.5183","volume":"163","author":"KK Jefferson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jefferson KK, Smith MF Jr, Bobak DA (1999) Roles of intracellular calcium and NF-kappa B in the Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced up-regulation and secretion of IL-8 from human monocytes. J Immunol 163:5183\u20135191","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1543_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-012-0044-7","volume":"169","author":"PK Jena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jena PK, Trivedi D, Chaudhary H, Sahoo TK, Seshadri S (2013) Bacteriocin PJ4 active against enteric pathogen produced by Lactobacillus helveticus PJ4 isolated from gut microflora of wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus): partial purification and characterization of bacteriocin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 169(7):2088\u20132100","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6531","key":"1543_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/375500a0","volume":"375","author":"I Just","year":"1995","unstructured":"Just I, Selzer J, Wilm M, Mann M, Aktories K (1995) Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B. Nature 375(6531):500\u2013503","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1543_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.09.007","volume":"5","author":"R Kariv","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kariv R, Navaneethan U, Lopez R, Shen B (2011) Impact of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohn\u2019s Colitis 5:34\u201340","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"1543_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-7-1683","volume":"145","author":"S Karlsson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Karlsson S, Burman LG, \u00c5kerlund T (1999) Suppression of toxin production in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 by amino acids. Microbiol 145:1683\u20131693","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5881-5888.2000","volume":"68","author":"S Karlsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karlsson S, Lindberg A, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T (2000) Toxins, butyric acid, and other shortchain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 68:5881\u20135888","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1543_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.59","volume":"108","author":"Z Kassam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kassam Z, Lee CH, Yuan Y, Hunt RH (2013) Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 108:500\u2013508","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-013-1081-0","volume":"18","author":"M Kazanowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kazanowski M, Smolarek S, Kinnarney F, Grzebieniak Z (2014) Clostridium difficile: epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities\u2014systematic review. Tech Coloproctol 18:223\u2013232","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"1543_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.375","volume":"49","author":"CP Kelly","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kelly CP, LaMont JT (1998) Clostridium difficile infection. Interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiome and Clostridium difficile. Annu Rev Med 49:375\u2013390","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"1543_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.001756.x","volume":"63","author":"JM Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim JM, Lee JY, Yoon JM, Oh Y-K, Youn J, Kim Y-J (2006) NF-\u03baB activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A. Scandinavian J Immunol 63:453\u2013460","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Immunol"},{"key":"1543_CR52","first-page":"464","volume":"36","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kobayashi T (1983) Studies on Clostridium difficile and antimicrobial associated diarrhoea or colitis. Jpn J Antibiot 36:464\u2013476 (in Japanese)","journal-title":"Jpn J Antibiot"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3630","volume":"277","author":"T Koike","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koike T, Kuzuya M, Asai T, Kanda S, Cheng XW, Watanabe K, Banno Y, Nozawa Y, Iguchi A (2000) Activation of MMP-2 by Clostridium difficile toxin B in bovine smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277(1):43\u201346","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.53.3.573-581.1986","volume":"53","author":"HC Krivan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Krivan HC, Clark GF, Smith DF, Wilkins TD (1986) Cell surface binding site for Clostridium difficile enterotoxin: evidence for a glycoconjugate containing the sequence Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc. Infect Immun 53(3):573\u2013581","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1543_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09397","volume":"467","author":"SA Kuehne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, Minton NP (2010) The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 467:711\u2013713","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1543_CR56","first-page":"27","volume":"9","author":"CSM Lau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lau CSM, Chamberlain RS (2016) Probiotics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gen Med 9:27\u201337","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"1543_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002995","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002995","volume":"8","author":"TD Lawley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lawley TD, Clare S, Walker AW, Stares MD, Connor TR, Raisen C, Goulding D, Rad R, Schreiober F, Brandt C, Deakin LJ, Pickard DJ, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Clark TG, Parkhill J, Dougan G (2012) Targeted restoration of the intestinal microbiota with a simple, defined bacteriotherapy resolves relapsing Clostridium difficile disease in mice. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002995","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1543_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.070","volume":"136","author":"DA Leffler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leffler DA, Lamont JT (2009) Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gastroenterol 136:1899\u20131912","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"S2","key":"1543_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis319","volume":"55","author":"FC Lessa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lessa FC, Gould CV, McDonald LC (2012) Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 55(S2):S65\u2013S70","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1543_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408913","volume":"372","author":"FC Lessa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati GK, Dunn JR, Farley MM, Holzbauer SM, Meek JI, Phipps EC, Wilson LE, Winston LG, Cohen JA, Limbago BM, Fridkin SK, Gerding DN, McDonald LC (2015) Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 372:825\u2013834","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1543_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.017","volume":"124","author":"RE Ley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI (2006) Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 124:837\u2013848","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1543_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.004","volume":"10","author":"DR Littman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Littman DR, Pamer EG (2011) Role of the commensal microbiota in normal and pathogenic host immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 10:311\u2013323","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1543_CR63","first-page":"G941","volume":"276","author":"DR Mack","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L, Hollingsworth MA (1999) Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol 276:G941\u2013G950","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1543_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27224","volume":"121","author":"K Madsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Madsen K, Cornish A, Soper P, McKaigney C, Jijon H, Yachimec C, Doyle J, Jewell L, Simone CD (2001) Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterol 121:580\u2013591","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.7.3424-3431.2002","volume":"68","author":"F Marcille","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marcille F, Gomez A, Joubert P, Ladir\u00e9 M, Veau G, Clara A, Gavini F, Willems A, Fons M (2002) Distribution of genes encoding the trypsin-dependent antibiotic ruminococcin A among bacteria isolated from human fecal microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3424\u20133431","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007","volume":"122","author":"S Mazmanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mazmanian S, Liu C, Tzianabos A, Kasper D (2005) An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 122:107\u2013118","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1543_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1086\/659156","volume":"32","author":"B Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller B, Chen L, Sexton D, Anderson D (2011) Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 32:387\u2013390","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"1543_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S323","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201010001-00893","volume":"05","author":"CB Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller CB, Dellon E, Isaacs K, Gangarosa L (2010) Fecal bacteriotherapy via colonoscopy as rescue therapy for refractory and recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 05:S323","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1543_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022804","volume":"6","author":"F Miyajima","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miyajima F, Roberts P, Swale A, Price V, Jones M, Horan M, Beeching N, Brazier J, Parry C, Pendleton N, Pirmohammed M (2011) Characterisation and carriage ratio of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from a community-dwelling elderly population in the United Kingdom. PLoS ONE 6(8):e22804","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1543_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00159.x","volume":"26","author":"S Nakamura","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nakamura S, Nakashio S, Yamakawa K, Tanabe N, Nishida S (1982) Carbohydrate fermentation by Clostridium difficile. Microbiol Immunol 26:107\u2013111","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"39","key":"1543_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i39.4892","volume":"16","author":"U Navaneethan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PGK, Shen B (2010) Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: understanding the evolving relationship. World J Gastroenterol 16(39):4892\u20134904","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR72","first-page":"3283","volume":"95","author":"SE Persky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Persky SE, Brandt LJ (2000) Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by administration of donated stool directly through a colonoscope. Am J Gastroenterol 95:3283\u20133285","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR73","first-page":"CD004611","volume":"1","author":"A Pillai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pillai A, Nelson R (2008) Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD004611","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1543_CR74","first-page":"59","volume":"7","author":"S Plummer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Plummer S, Weaver MA, Harris JC, Dee P, Hunter J (2004) Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhea. Int Microbiol 7:59\u201362","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2762-2765.2001","volume":"69","author":"A Qamar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Qamar A, Aboudola S, Warny M, Michetti P, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT, Kelly CP (2001) Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice. Infect Immun 69:2762\u20132765","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1543_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.058933-0","volume":"62","author":"MC Rea","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rea MC, Alemayehu D, Ross RP, Hill C (2013) Gut solutions to a gut problem: bacteriocins, probiotics and bacteriophage for control of Clostridium difficile infection. J Med Microbiol 62:1369\u20131378","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00647-12","volume":"80","author":"AE Reeves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reeves AE, Koenigsknecht MJ, Bergin IL, Young VB (2012) Suppression of Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice inoculated with a murine isolate from the family Lachnospiraceae. Infect Immun 80:3786\u20133794","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1543_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181dadb10","volume":"44","author":"F Rohlke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rohlke F, Surawicz CM, Stollman N (2010) Fecal flora reconstitution for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: results and methodology. J Clin Gastroenterol 44:567\u2013570","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw046","volume":"41","author":"D Rojo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rojo D, M\u00e9ndez-Garc\u00eda C, Anna Raczkowska B, Bargiela R, Moya A, Ferrer M, Barbas C (2017) Exploring the human microbiome from multiple perspectives: factors altering its composition and function. FEMS Microbiol Rev 41:453\u2013478","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1543_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.05.006","volume":"41","author":"CL Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross CL, Spinler JK, Savidge TC (2016) Structural and functional changes within the gut microbiota and susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 41:37\u201343","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"1543_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis637","volume":"55","author":"C Rousseau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rousseau C, Poilane I, De Pontual L, Maherault AC, Le Monnier A, Collignon A (2012) Clostridium difficile carriage in healthy infants in the community: a potential reservoir for pathogenic strains. Clin Infect Dis 55:1209\u20131215","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1543_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","volume":"17","author":"S Sayin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayin S, Wahlstr\u00f6m A, Felin J, J\u00e4ntti S, Marschall H, Bamberg K, Angelin B, Hy\u00f6tyl\u00e4inen T, Ore\u0161i\u010d M, B\u00e4ckhed F (2013) Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist. Cell Metab 17:225\u2013235","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1543_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000626","volume":"5","author":"C Schwann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwann C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, van Ham M, Rohde M, Hardt W-F, Wehland J, Aktories K (2009) Clostridium difficile CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000626","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1543_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","volume":"341","author":"PM Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith PM, Howitt MR, Panikov N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Bohlooly-Y M, Glickman JN, Garrett WS (2013) The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 341:569\u2013573","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"1543_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81330","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081330","volume":"8","author":"Y Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song Y, Garg S, Girotra M, Maddox C, von Rosenvinge EC, Dutta A, Dutta S, Fricke WF (2013) Microbiota dynamics in patients treated with fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS ONE 8(11):e81330","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1543_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01765-07","volume":"190","author":"JA Sorg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sorg JA, Sonenshein AL (2008) Bile salts and glycine as co-germinants for Clostridium difficile spores. J Bacteriol 190:2505\u20132512","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"1543_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01260-08","volume":"191","author":"JA Sorg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sorg JA, Sonenshein AL (2009) Chenodeoxycholate is an inhibitor of Clostridium difficile spore germination. J Bacteriol 191:1115\u20131117","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"1543_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8006-6","volume":"101","author":"C Staley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staley C, Weingarden AR, Khoruts A, Sadowsky MJ (2017) Interaction of gut microbiota with bile acid metabolism and its influence on disease states. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:47\u201364","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR89","first-page":"211","volume":"5","author":"E Sykesa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sykesa E, McDonaldb P, Flanaganc PK (2012) Corticosteroids in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis: a report of 3 cases. Gastroenterol Res 5(5):211\u2013214","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"key":"1543_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.53.1.1","volume":"53","author":"CP Tamboli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tamboli CP, Neut C, Desreumaux P, Colombel JF (2004) Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 53:1\u20134","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1543_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-7-613","volume":"50","author":"KS Tan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tan KS, Wee BY, Song KP (2001) Evidence for holin function of tcdE gene in the pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 50:613\u2013619","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7937-7940.2001","volume":"69","author":"A Tasteyre","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tasteyre A, Barc MC, Collignon A, Boureau H, Karjalainen T (2001) Role of FliC and FliD flagellar proteins of Clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. Infect Immun 69:7937\u20137940","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00045","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00045-15","volume":"1","author":"CM Theriot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Theriot CM, Bowman AA, Young VB (2016) Antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota alter secondary bile acid production and allow for Clostridium difficile spore germination and outgrowth in the large intestine. MSphere 1(1):e00045\u2013e00015","journal-title":"MSphere"},{"key":"1543_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4114","volume":"5","author":"CM Theriot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Theriot CM, Koenigsknecht MJ, Carlson PE Jr, Hatton GE, Nelson AM, Li B, Huffnagle GB, Li JZ, Young VB (2014) Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Nat Commun 5:3114","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1543_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104115","volume":"69","author":"CM Theriot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Theriot CM, Young VB (2015) Interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiome and Clostridium difficile. Annu Rev Microbiol 69:445\u2013461","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1543_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i19.2323","volume":"16","author":"AB Thomson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomson AB, Sauve MD, Kassam N, Kamitakahara H (2010) Safety of the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. World J Gastroenterol 16(19):2323\u20132330","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1543_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.48.143","volume":"48","author":"T Tsukahara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tsukahara T, Ushida K (2001) Succinate accumulation in pig large intestine during antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the constitution of succinate-producing flora. J Gen Appl Microbiol 48:143\u2013154","journal-title":"J Gen Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.01.005","volume":"34","author":"P Baarlen Van","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Baarlen P, Wells JM, Kleerebezem M (2013) Regulation of intestinal homeostasis and immunity with probiotic lactobacilli. Trends Immunol 34(5):208\u2013215","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"1543_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.1.93","volume":"148","author":"R Viscidi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Viscidi R, Laughon BE, Yolken R, Bo-Linn P, Moench T, Ryder RW, Bartlett JG (1983) Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile.. J Infect Dis 148:93\u2013100","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1543_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005","volume":"18","author":"DE Voth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Voth DE, Ballard JD (2005) Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:247\u2013263","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1543_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2144-2153.2001","volume":"69","author":"AJ Waligora","year":"2001","unstructured":"Waligora AJ, Hennequin C, Mullany P, Bourlioux P, Collignon A, Karjalainen T (2001) Characterization of a cell surface protein of Clostridium difficile with adhesive properties. Infect Immun 69:2144\u20132153","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1543_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817848.ch27","volume-title":"Microbial pathogenesis and the intestinal epithelial cell","author":"M Warny","year":"2003","unstructured":"Warny M, Kelly CP (2003) Pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile toxins. In: Hecht GA (ed) Microbial pathogenesis and the intestinal epithelial cell. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp\u00a0503\u2013524"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.5.813","volume":"22","author":"C Wenisch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenh\u00fcndl M, Hirschl AM, GraningerW (1996) Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 22(5):813\u2013818","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1543_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.15.3.443-446.1982","volume":"15","author":"KH Wilson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wilson KH, Kennedy MJ, Fekety FR (1982) Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 15:443\u2013446","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1543_CR105","unstructured":"World Gastroenterology Organization (2008) Probiotics and prebiotics: practice guideline. Available at: http:\/\/www.worldgastroenterology.org\/ probiotics-prebiotics.html"},{"key":"1543_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1086\/519265","volume":"45","author":"FA Zar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB (2007) A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 45:302\u2013307","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1543_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9763","volume":"173","author":"E Zimlichman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zimlichman E, Henderson D, Tamir O, Franz C, Song P, Yamin CK, Keohane C, Denham CR, Bates D (2013) Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system. JAMA Intern Med 173:2039\u20132046","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1543_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.133603","volume":"57","author":"E Zoetendal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zoetendal E, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, de Vos W (2008) High-throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Gut 57:1605\u20131615","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Current Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T05:20:35Z","timestamp":1693804835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0343-8651","1432-0991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0343-8651","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}