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However, the composition of reptilian microbiota has been poorly recognized so far. The majority of studies concern exotic reptiles as asymptomatic carriers of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars. Studies of other intestinal bacteria of reptiles are rare. Only recently, the microbiota of free-living European reptiles have been investigated, however, on the basis of small samples, mainly in protected areas. Here, we aim to investigate cloacal Gram-negative microbiota of free-living <jats:italic>Natrix natrix.<\/jats:italic> Snakes (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200945) used in the study were collected in\u00a0Krak\u00f3w (Poland) and its vicinity. Nineteen species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated. The most common species were: <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> The bacteria prevalent in <jats:italic>N. natrix<\/jats:italic> cloacal swabs are likely to represent the natural intestinal Gram-negative microbiota of the examined snakes. Importantly, the identified bacteria are pathogenic to humans, which clearly highlights the epidemiological potential of free-living <jats:italic>N. natrix<\/jats:italic>. The risk of infection is high for immunocompromised humans, children (under 5\u00a0years old), elderly persons, and pregnant women. Our study provides the largest dataset on intestinal Gram-negative microbiota of wild snakes. The presence of multiple human pathogens determined by us calls for the necessity of further studies on reptile-transmitted bacteria in anthropogenic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02021-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T04:10:01Z","timestamp":1589861401000},"page":"2166-2171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cloacal Gram-Negative Microbiota in Free-Living Grass Snake Natrix natrix from Poland"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Morka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Bury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Antoniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wzorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Cieniuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Korzeniowska-Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Cicho\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Bugla-P\u0142osko\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.3.399","volume":"99","author":"J Mermin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mermin J, Hoar B, Angulo FJ (1997) Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children: a reflection of the increasing incidence of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the United States. 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