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Therefore, the main objective of this study was to apply matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) technique accompanied by multiply culture conditions to determine the microbial patterns of DFIs, as well as to assess the occurrence of drug resistance among Gram-negative bacterial isolates considered a significant cause of the multidrug resistance spread. Furthermore, the results were compared with those obtained using molecular techniques (16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex PCR targeting drug resistance genes) and conventional antibiotic resistance detection methods (Etest strips). The applied MALDI-based method revealed that, by far, most of the infections were polymicrobial (97%) and involved many Gram-positive and -negative bacterial species\u201419 genera and 16 families in total, mostly\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (24.3%),\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (20.7%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19.8%). MALDI drug-resistance assay was characterized by higher rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases producers compared to the reference methods (respectively 31% and 10% compared to 21% and 2%) and revealed that both the incidence of drug resistance and the species composition of DFI were dependent on the antibiotic therapy used. MALDI approach included antibiotic resistance assay and multiply culture conditions provides microbial identification at the level of DNA sequencing, allow isolation of both common (eg.\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and rare (such as\n                    <jats:italic>Myroides odoratimimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) bacterial species, and is effective in detecting antibiotic-resistance, especially those of particular interest\u2014ESBLs and carbapenemases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03384-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T04:02:25Z","timestamp":1688529745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-Instrumental Analysis Toward Exploring the Diabetic Foot Infection Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Z\u0142och","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Ma\u015blak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kupczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pomastowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01791","volume":"8","author":"SG Pereira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pereira SG, Moura J, Carvalho E, Empadinhas N (2017) Microbiota of chronic diabetic wounds: ecology, impact, and potential for innovative treatment strategies. 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