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Infant botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by ingestion of the spore-forming neurotoxic clostridia, including\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    that colonize the large intestine and subsequently produce botulinum neurotoxin in situ. It has been over a century since the first surveys documenting the ubiquitous prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in soils around the world. Since then, honey has been identified as the only well-known risk factor for infant botulism despite a multitude of international environmental surveys isolating\n                    <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores from ground soil, aquatic sediments, and commonly available infant foods. Associations of infant botulism cases with confirmed sources of\n                    <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure have primarily implicated outdoor soil and indoor dust, as well as commonly ingested foods including honey, dry cereals, and even powdered infant formula. Yet the origin of infection remains unknown for most infant botulism cases. This review summarizes the various surveys from around the world for\n                    <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in environmental soils and sediments, honey, and other infant foods, as well as laboratory-confirmed associations with documented infant botulism cases. Additional factors are also discussed, including the composition of infant gut microbiota and the practice of breastfeeding. We make several recommendations to better identify sources of exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores that could lead to effective preventive measures and help reduce the incidence of this rare but life-threatening disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03828-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T14:02:24Z","timestamp":1723557744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Infant Botulism: In Search of Clostridium botulinum Spores"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haydee A.","family":"Dabritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3828_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01469-18","volume":"9","author":"T Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith T, Williamson CHD, Hill K, Sahl J, Keim P (2018) Botulinum neurotoxin-producing bacteria. 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