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The ability of\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella swidsinskii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella leopoldii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella piotii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was assessed to metabolize an ungelatinized, labeled form of raw amylose, a degradation-resistant \u03b1-1,4-glucan. The enzymatic activity of these species was evaluated in vitro, and its association with BV was examined in vaginal swabs.\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis, G. swidsinskii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>G. leopoldii<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated the best ability to degrade resistant \u03b1-1,4-glucan in vitro. Unlike the cell-bound, S-layer-associated glycogen-degrading activity in\n                    <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this \u03b1-glucosidase activity in\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also extracellular, but not cell-bound and not repressed by glucose. Vaginal swabs showing high rates of resistant \u03b1-1,4-glucan degradation activity were associated with BV, particularly in the concurrent presence of\n                    <jats:italic>G. leopoldii, G. swidsinskii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings suggest a role of \u03b1-1,4-glucan degradation in BV pathogenesis mediated by\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. The results indicate the potential of targeting bacterial amylase activity as therapeutic strategy for BV prevention and treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04459-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T06:33:49Z","timestamp":1756794829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Degradation of Resistant \u03b1-1,4-glucan by Vaginal Gardnerella Species is Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Rosanne","family":"Hertzberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Morselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Botschuijver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Himschoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Steenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Bruisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Cools","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remco","family":"Kort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700390118","author":"R Cruickshank","year":"1934","unstructured":"Cruickshank R (1934) The conversion of the glycogen of the vagina into lactic acid. 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