{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:47:49Z","timestamp":1792219669447,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-026-04765-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:52:34Z","timestamp":1772016754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orphan Medications: An Innovative and Promising Approach against Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5781-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaibhavee I.","family":"Choudhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0065-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surekha K.","family":"Satpute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6978-622X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalpana","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4765_CR1","unstructured":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance updates 2023 3 years of the NTD road map. https:\/\/www.who.int. Last accessed on 22\/06\/2025"},{"key":"4765_CR2","unstructured":"WHO fact sheet (2023) https:\/\/www.who.int. Last accessed on 22\/06\/2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"4765_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017002116","volume":"145","author":"S Sundar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sundar S, Singh A (2018) Chemotherapeutics of visceral leishmaniasis: present and future developments. Parasitology 145(4):481\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182017002116","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4765_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1609940","volume":"20","author":"J Chakravarty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chakravarty J, Sundar S (2019) Current and emerging medications for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 20(10):1251\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2019.1609940","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2012.v1.1.3","volume":"1","author":"P Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song P et al (2012) Rare diseases, orphan drugs, and their regulation in Asia: current status and future perspectives. Intractable Rare Dis Res 1(1):3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/irdr.2012.v1.1.3","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1241-2","volume":"47","author":"G Calleri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calleri G et al (2019) Neglected tropical diseases in Europe: rare diseases and orphan drugs? Infection 47(1):3\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-018-1241-2","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.930","volume":"24","author":"S Villa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Villa S et al (2009) Orphan drug legislation: lessons for neglected tropical diseases. Int J Health Plann Manage 24(1):27\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.930","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-024-00425-y","volume":"49","author":"N Chirmule","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chirmule N (2024) Orphan drug development: challenges, regulation, and success stories. J Biosci 49(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12038-024-00425-y","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4765_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140002","volume":"10","author":"T Gammie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gammie T et al (2015) Access to orphan drugs: a comprehensive review of legislations, regulations and policies in 35 countries. PLoS One 10(10):e0140002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140002","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"4765_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2457","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1238","volume":"73","author":"JM Ware","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ware JM et al (2021) Efficacy and tolerability of miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 73(7):e2457\u2013e2562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1238","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4765_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1517\/21678707.2015.1039510","volume":"3","author":"J Berman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berman J (2015) Miltefosine, an FDA-approved drug for the \u2018orphan disease\u2019, leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 3(6):727\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/21678707.2015.1039510","journal-title":"Expert Opin Orphan Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000796","volume":"19","author":"M Sterkel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sterkel M (2021) Repurposing the orphan drug nitisinone to control the transmission of African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Biol 19(1):e3000796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000796","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4765_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMR_569_2024","volume":"160","author":"CK Bhusal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhusal CK et al (2024) Possibility of re-purposing antifungal drugs posaconazole & isavuconazole against promastigote form of leishmania major. Indian J Med Res 160(5):466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/IJMR_569_2024","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4765_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7040054","volume":"7","author":"AC Costa-da-Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa-da-Silva AC et al (2022) Immune responses in leishmaniasis: an overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 7(4):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7040054","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4765_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(03)00142-5","volume":"33","author":"SM Gossage","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gossage SM et al (2003) Two separate growth phases during the development of Leishmania in sand flies: implications for understanding the life cycle. Int J Parasitol 33(10):1027\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-7519(03)00142-5","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4765_CR16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CDC - DPDx - Leishmaniasis. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/leishmaniasis\/index.html. Last accessed on 28\/07\/2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"4765_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966","volume":"11","author":"T Laskay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laskay T et al (2003) Neutrophil granulocytes\u2013Trojan horses for Leishmania major and other intracellular microbes? Trends Microbiol 11(5):210\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0966-842x(03)00075-1842x(03)00075\u2009\u2013\u20091","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4765_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(89)90043-x","volume":"19","author":"DJ Mallinson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mallinson DJ, Coombs GH (1989) Interaction of Leishmania metacyclics with macrophages. Int J Parasitol 19(6):647\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-7519(89)90043-x","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"16","key":"4765_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13743","volume":"594","author":"S Luk\u00e1csi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luk\u00e1csi S et al (2020) Utilization of complement receptors in immune cell\u2013microbe interaction. FEBS Lett 594(16):2695\u20132713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.13743","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.2.363-369.1988","volume":"56","author":"ME Wilson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wilson ME, Pearson RD (1988) Roles of CR3 and mannose receptors in the attachment and ingestion of Leishmania donovani by human mononuclear phagocytes. Infect Immun 56(2):363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.56.2.363-369.1988","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"4765_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211014977","volume":"8","author":"SG Solano-G\u00e1lvez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solano-G\u00e1lvez SG et al (2021) Leishmania: manipulation of signaling pathways to inhibit host cell apoptosis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 8:20499361211014977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20499361211014977","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"4765_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00248-22","volume":"90","author":"A Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha A (2022) Cytokines and signaling networks regulating disease outcomes in leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 90(8):e00248-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00248-22","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno2010015","volume":"2","author":"H Yasmin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yasmin H et al (2022) Host\u2013pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis: immune response and vaccination strategies. Immuno 2(1):218\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/immuno2010015","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"issue":"3","key":"4765_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx075","volume":"30","author":"M Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi M, Fasel N (2018) How to master the host immune system? Leishmania parasites have the solutions! Int Immunol 30(3):103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxx075","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4765_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12977","volume":"69","author":"Y \u00d6zbel","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00d6zbel Y et al (2022) The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries. Zoonoses Public Health 69(5):395\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12977","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4765_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2023.03.010","volume":"79","author":"B Pal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pal B et al (2023) Barriers to the effective management and prevention of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in the Indian subcontinent. Med J Armed Forces India 79(5):500\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mjafi.2023.03.010","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"4765_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155300","volume":"145","author":"B Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha B, Pai K (2021) The drug resistance mechanisms in Leishmania donovani are independent of immunosuppression. Cytokine 145:155300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155300","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4765_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936116646063","volume":"3","author":"S Sundar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundar S, Singh A (2016) Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 3(3\u20134):98\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2049936116646063","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"4765_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1553-y","volume":"9","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srivastava S et al (2016) Possibilities and challenges for developing a successful vaccine for leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 9:277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1553-y","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s42485-021-00080-z","volume":"13","author":"CB Routaray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Routaray CB et al (2022) Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals differential modulation of crucial stage specific proteins during promastigote to amastigote differentiation in Leishmania donovani. J Proteins Proteomics 13(1):17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42485-021-00080-z","journal-title":"J Proteins Proteomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4765_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2024.12.009","volume":"28","author":"A Gentilini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gentilini A, Neez E (2025) Rare disease policy in high-income countries: an overview of achievements, challenges, and solutions. Value Health 28(5):680\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2024.12.009","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4765_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v4.i3.163","volume":"4","author":"CN Kontoghiorghe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kontoghiorghe CN (2014) World health dilemmas: orphan and rare diseases, orphan drugs and orphan patients. World J Methodol 4(3):163\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5662\/wjm.v4.i3.163","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"key":"4765_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.S3.583","volume":"104","author":"H Shirkey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shirkey H (1999) Editorial comment: therapeutic orphans. Pediatrics 104:583\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.104.S3.583","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.S3.583","volume":"73","author":"PS Arno","year":"1995","unstructured":"Arno PS et al (1995) Rare diseases, drug development, and AIDS: the impact of the orphan drug act. Milbank Q 73(2):231\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.104.S3.583","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"4765_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0353-3","volume":"10","author":"MM Dooms","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dooms MM (2015) Rare diseases and orphan drugs: 500 years ago. Orphanet J Rare Dis 10:161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13023-015-0353-3","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56782\/pps.295","volume":"23","author":"EH Eltom","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eltom EH et al (2025) Neglected tropical diseases: current treatment challenges and future therapeutic potentials. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences 23(2):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56782\/pps.295","journal-title":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.22596","volume":"4","author":"A Debnath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Debnath A et al (2013) Reprofiled drug targets ancient protozoans: drug discovery for parasiticdiarrheal diseases. Gut Microbes 4(1):66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.22596","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"3","key":"4765_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.10.021","volume":"52","author":"D Ju\u00e1rez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-L\u00f3pez D, Schcolnik-Cabrera A (2020) Drug repurposing: considerations to surpass while re-directing old compounds for new treatments. Arc Med Res 52(3):243\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.10.021","journal-title":"Arc Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05909-8","volume":"16","author":"KM Pfarr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pfarr KM (2023) The pipeline for drugs for control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases: 2. Oral anti-infective drugs and drug combinations for off-label use. Parasit Vectors 16(1):394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-05909-8","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/5579789","volume":"2025","author":"A Rahmani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahmani A et al (2025) The impact of ivermectin on immune response and wound healing in a mouse model infected with Leishmania major. J Trop Med (1):5579789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jotm\/5579789","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4765_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13493","volume":"35","author":"A Michelerio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michelerio A et al (2018) Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with oral fluconazole: A case series. Pediatr Dermatol 35(3):384\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pde.13493","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"24","key":"4765_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8331","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012355","volume":"295","author":"M Zoltner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zoltner M et al (2020) Suramin exposure alters cellular metabolism and mitochondrial energy production in African trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 295(24):8331\u20138347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012355","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"4765_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00669-20","volume":"64","author":"S Yadav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yadav S et al (2020) TCP1\u03b3 subunit is indispensable for growth and infectivity of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 64(8):e00669-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00669-20","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4765_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109296","volume":"332","author":"EG Pinto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinto EG et al (2020) Targeting intracellular Leishmania (L.) infantum with nitazoxanide entrapped into phosphatidylserine-nanoliposomes: an experimental study. Chem Biol Interact 332:109296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109296","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"4765_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.05.012","volume":"166","author":"MT da Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"da Silva MT et al (2016) In vivo and in vitro auranofin activity against Trypanosoma cruzi: possible new uses for an old drug. Exp Parasitol 166:189\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.05.012","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4765_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00032","volume":"6","author":"JC Munday","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munday JC et al (2015) Transport proteins determine drug sensitivity and resistance in a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Front Pharmacol 6:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2015.00032","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4765_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-022-03232-y","volume":"39","author":"E Man","year":"2022","unstructured":"Man E et al (2022) Current and future strategies against cutaneous parasites. Pharm Res 39(4):631\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-022-03232-y","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.40","volume":"12","author":"DJ Sheehan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sheehan DJ et al (1999) Current and emerging azole antifungal agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12(1):40\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.12.1.40","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4765_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.04.044","volume":"135","author":"S Emami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emami S et al (2017) An overview of azoles targeting sterol 14\u03b1-demethylase for antileishmanial therapy. Eur J Med Chem 135:241\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.04.044","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"issue":"119","key":"4765_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003326","volume":"4","author":"S Wyllie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wyllie S et al (2012) The anti-trypanosome drug fexinidazole shows potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Transl Med 4(119):119re1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003326","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"4765_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1906-y","volume":"107","author":"R Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang R et al (2010) In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of nitazoxanide against Leishmania donovani. Parasitol Res 107:475\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-010-1906-y","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2011.1","volume":"1","author":"K Vandyke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vandyke K et al (2011) The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib (SPRYCEL) inhibits chondrocyte activity and proliferation. Blood Cancer J 1(2):e2-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bcj.2011.1","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.21608\/mid.2020.43941.1064","volume":"2","author":"AM Daskum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daskum AM et al (2021) Antimalarial chemotherapy, mechanisms of action and resistance to major antimalarial drugs in clinical use: A review. Microbes Infect Dise 2(1):130\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/mid.2020.43941.1064","journal-title":"Microbes Infect Dise"},{"key":"4765_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5278518","volume":"1","author":"GL Allotey-Babington","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allotey-Babington GL et al (2020) Quinine sulphate microparticles as treatment for Leishmaniasis. J Trop Med 1:5278518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/5278518","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88433-y","volume":"11","author":"S Mansoori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mansoori S et al (2021) A phase 2a clinical study on the safety and efficacy of individualized dosed mebendazole in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Sci Rep 11(1):8981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88433-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"4765_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac266","volume":"77","author":"S Sokhela","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sokhela S et al (2022) Randomized clinical trial of nitazoxanide or sofosbuvir\/daclatasvir for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 77(10):2706\u20132712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkac266","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"4765_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0261","volume":"14","author":"A Morabito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morabito A et al (2009) Vandetanib (ZD6474), a dual inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases: current status and future directions. Oncologist 14(4):378\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0261","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"4765_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-144","volume":"10","author":"J Achan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Achan J et al (2011) Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria. Malar J 10:144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-10-144","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4765_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108272","volume":"101","author":"M Yamashita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamashita M (2021) Auranofin: past to present, and repurposing. Int Immunopharmacol 101:108272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108272","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-021-00439-0","volume":"12","author":"FH Abdalbari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdalbari FH, Telleria CM (2021) The gold complex auranofin: new perspectives for cancer therapy. Discov Oncol 12(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-021-00439-0","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2016.09.012","volume":"17","author":"JE Cortes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cortes JE et al (2017) Pleural effusion in dasatinib-treated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: identification and management. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 17(2):78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clml.2016.09.012","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"issue":"11","key":"4765_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V112.11.3241.3241","volume":"110","author":"CM Zwaan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zwaan CM et al (2007) Dasatinib (SPRYCEL\u00ae) in children and adolescents with relapsed or refractory leukemia: preliminary results of the CA180018 phase I\/II study from the ITCC consortium. Blood 110(11):1049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.V112.11.3241.3241","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"4765_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00651-5","volume":"24","author":"MJ Pinazo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pinazo MJ et al (2024) Efficacy and safety of fexinidazole for treatment of chronic indeterminate Chagas disease (FEXI-12): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 24(4):395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00651-5","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4765_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl331","volume":"18","author":"FG Perabo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perabo FG, M\u00fcller SC (2007) New agents for treatment of advanced transitional cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 18(5):835\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdl331","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4765_CR65","unstructured":"Kalpana Pai, Jadhav N, Poduval TB (2011) Need for new therapeutics In Kala-azar- Emerging perspectives and prospects in South Asia, Tata Inst. of Social Sciences, New Delhi, pp 205\u2013224. ISBN 81-8324-355-X"},{"key":"4765_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103800","volume":"15","author":"CB Routaray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Routaray CB et al (2020) SWATH-MS based quantitative proteomics analysis to the antileishmanial effect of commiphora wightii-Guggul and amphotericin B on a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani. J Proteom 15:223:103800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103800","journal-title":"J Proteom"},{"issue":"3","key":"4765_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-023-05197-y","volume":"50","author":"NR Rode","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rode NR et al (2023) Identification of potential antileishmanial derivatives of 2, 3-dihydroquinazolin-4 (1 H)-one synthesized using AAIL catalyst and molecular docking studies. Res Chem Intermed 50(3):1125\u20131145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11164-023-05197-y","journal-title":"Res Chem Intermed"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_651_20","volume":"66","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh P et al (2021) Epidemiology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Dermatol 66(1):12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.IJD_651_20","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4765_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006094","volume":"11","author":"R Guery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guery R et al (2017) Liposomal amphotericin B in travelers with cutaneous and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis: not a panacea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(11):e0006094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006094","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7","volume":"10","author":"FB Cavassin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavassin FB et al (2021) Sixty years of amphotericin B: an overview of the main antifungal agent used to treat invasive fungal infections. Infect Dis Ther 10(1):115\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"4765_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.11.003","volume":"130","author":"JT Mesquita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mesquita JT et al (2014) Combination therapy with nitazoxanide and amphotericin B, Glucantime\u00ae, miltefosine and sitamaquine against Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum intracellular amastigotes. Acta Trop 130:112\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.11.003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4765_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.4891","volume":"40","author":"IF Abou-El-Naga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abou-El-Naga IF et al (2020) In vitro effectivity of three approved drugs and their synergistic interaction against Leishmania infantum. Biomedica 40:89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/biomedica.4891","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"4765_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.08.007","volume":"11","author":"VM Goyonlo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goyonlo VM et al (2019) Successful treatment by adding thalidomide to meglumine antimoniate in a case of refractory anthroponotic mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 11:177\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.08.007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"issue":"9","key":"4765_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky229","volume":"73","author":"S de Teixeira Macedo Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Teixeira Macedo Silva S et al (2018) In vitro antileishmanial activity of ravuconazole, a triazole antifungal drug, as a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 73(9):2360\u20132373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dky229","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"4765_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1442764","volume":"112","author":"U Yadav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yadav U, Khan MA (2018) Targeting the GPI biosynthetic pathway. Pathog Glob Health 112(3):115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20477724.2018.1442764","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"51","key":"4765_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50176","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208374200","volume":"277","author":"T Chang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chang T et al (2002) Cloning of Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major genes encoding the GlcNAc-phosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis that is essential to theAfrican sleeping sickness parasite. J Biol Chem 277(51):50176\u201350182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M208374200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4765_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albalawi AE et al (2021) New insights into pathogenesis and immunity of  Leishmania parasites with emphasis on vaccines. Int J Pharm Res 09752366(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31838\/ijpr\/2021.13.02.485","DOI":"10.31838\/ijpr\/2021.13.02.485"},{"issue":"10","key":"4765_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010893","volume":"16","author":"MA Mandell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mandell MA et al (2022) Quantitative single-cell analysis of Leishmania major amastigote differentiation demonstrates variably extended expression of the lipophosphoglycan (LPG) virulence factor in different host cell types. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(10):e0010893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010893","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.453","volume":"55","author":"D Sacks","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sacks D, Kamhawi S (2001) Molecular aspects of parasite-vector and vector-host interactions in leishmaniasis. Annu Rev Microbiol 55(1):453\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.453","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2953-y","volume":"11","author":"DA Merida-de-Barros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Merida-de-Barros DA et al (2018) Leishmaniasis and glycosaminoglycans: a future therapeutic strategy? Parasit Vectors 11(1):536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2953-y","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4765_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1256205","volume":"14","author":"ES Seow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seow ES et al (2023) C-reactive protein binds to short phosphoglycan repeats of Leishmania secreted proteophosphoglycans and activates complement. Front Immunol 14:1256205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1256205","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4765_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00223","volume":"3","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rogers ME (2012) The role of Leishmania proteophosphoglycans in sand fly transmission and infection of the mammalian host. Front Microbiol 3:223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00223","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4765_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262158","volume":"16","author":"A Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan A et al (2021) The role of Leishmania GP63 in the modulation of innate inflammatory response to Leishmania major infection. PLoS One 16(12):e0262158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262158","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4765_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.08.015","volume":"166","author":"JS Grewal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grewal JS et al (2019) Evaluation of clan CD C11 peptidase PNT1 and other Leishmania mexicana cysteine peptidases as potential drug targets. Biochimie 166:150\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.08.015","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00426-15","volume":"60","author":"C Schad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schad C et al (2015) Development of a new antileishmanial aziridine-2, 3-dicarboxylate-based inhibitor with high selectivity for parasite cysteine proteases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60(2):797\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00426-15","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2074130","volume":"13","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta AK et al (2022) The pathogenicity and virulence of Leishmania-interplay of virulence factors with host defenses. Virulence 13(1):903\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2022.2074130","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"4765_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01690","volume":"9","author":"MP Campos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campos MP et al (2018) Leishmania infantum virulence factor A2 protein: linear B-cell epitope mapping and identification of three main linear B-cell epitopes in vaccinated and naturally infected dogs. Front Immunol 9:1690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01690","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4765_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081924","volume":"25","author":"T Battista","year":"2020","unstructured":"Battista T et al (2020) Targeting trypanothione reductase, a key enzyme in the redox trypanosomatid metabolism, to develop new drugs against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiases. Molecules 25(8):1924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25081924","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020267","volume":"9","author":"NS Carter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carter NS et al (2021) Natural products that target the arginase in Leishmania parasites hold therapeutic promise. Microorganisms 9(2):267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9020267","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"12","key":"4765_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8068","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803979","volume":"183","author":"HM Muleme","year":"2009","unstructured":"Muleme HM et al (2009) Infection with arginase-deficient Leishmania major reveals a parasite number-dependent and cytokine-independent regulation of host cellular arginase activity and disease pathogenesis. J Immunol 183(12):8068\u20138076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.0803979","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4765_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00193","volume":"4","author":"CL Forestier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forestier CL et al (2015) Leishmania lipophosphoglycan: how to establish structure-activity relationships for this highly complex and multifunctional glycoconjugate? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00193","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001543","volume":"6","author":"RR Assis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Assis RR et al (2012) Glycoinositolphospholipids from Leishmania braziliensis and L. infantum: modulation of innate immune system and variations in carbohydrate structure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(2):e1543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001543","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4765_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/571242","volume":"1","author":"AK Haldar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haldar AK et al (2011) Use of antimony in the treatment of leishmaniasis: current status and future directions. Mol Biol Int 1:571242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/571242","journal-title":"Mol Biol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"4765_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1021\/jm900185q","volume":"52","author":"P Baiocco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baiocco P et al (2009) Molecular basis of antimony treatment in leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 52(8):2603\u20132612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jm900185q","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01614-17","volume":"62","author":"AK Pinto-Martinez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinto-Martinez AK et al (2018) Mechanism of action of miltefosine on Leishmania donovani involves the impairment of acidocalcisome function and the activation of the sphingosine-dependent plasma membrane Ca2+ channel. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62(1):e01614-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.01614-17","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4765_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.12.007","volume":"164","author":"A Jhingran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jhingran A et al (2009) Paromomycin: uptake and resistance in Leishmania donovani. Mol Biochem Parasitol 164(2):111\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.12.007","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4765_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12500","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09400","volume":"9","author":"K Bharadava","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bharadava K et al (2024) Genomic insight of Leishmania parasite: In-depth review of drug resistance mechanisms and genetic mutations. ACS Omega 9(11):12500\u201312514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c09400","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"4765_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2.1.43","volume":"2","author":"AC White Jr.","year":"2004","unstructured":"White AC Jr. (2004) Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 2(1):43\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.2.1.43","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"}],"container-title":["Current Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04765-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04765-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04765-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:43:00Z","timestamp":1776746580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04765-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04765-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0343-8651","1432-0991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0343-8651","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This research does not involve any human participants and\/or animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Standards"}}],"article-number":"210"}}