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In addition to causing infections,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    can transfer resistance genes, such as\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (mobilized colistin resistance), to other microorganisms, conferring resistance to polymyxins. This study aimed to phenotypically and genotypically characterize polymyxin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from vegetables sold in Brazil. Among 514 samples analyzed, 10\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains exhibited polymyxin resistance: 5 from lettuce, 2 from chicory, and 3 from watercress, cabbage, and arugula. Broth microdilution revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for eight isolates and 8\u201316\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for the remaining two. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated a phenotype consistent with AmpC \u03b2-lactamase production, as seven isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, and whole-genome sequencing confirmed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>AmpC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    genes. Several isolates also showed resistance to other \u03b2-lactams, fosfomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Four strains successfully transferred polymyxin resistance via conjugation, suggesting plasmid-mediated gene transfer. Genome sequencing identified multiple sequence types (STs), with ST48 being the most prevalent, and detected two plasmids carrying the\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these strains were related to diverse sources, including environmental and animal reservoirs. This study reports the presence of polymyxin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in vegetables in Brazil, highlighting the zoonotic risk and the potential spread of resistance genes through mobile plasmids. These findings emphasize the need for continued surveillance of fresh produce to limit the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and protect public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-026-04812-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:56:44Z","timestamp":1773165404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polymyxin-Resistant Escherichia coli Found in Vegetables from Brazil: An Emerging Public Health Concern"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Arthur Bossi","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Henrique Dias","family":"de Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Henrique Migliorini","family":"Guidone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana Carvalho","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana Karolyne Salom\u00e3o","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Katsuko Takayama","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Paulo Dejato","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12487","volume":"18","author":"B Machado-Moreira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Machado-Moreira B, Richards K, Brennan F et al (2019) Microbial Contamination of Fresh Produce: What, Where, and How? 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