{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T18:13:31Z","timestamp":1789323211585,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Hokkaido University DX Doctoral Fellowship"},{"name":"MEXT Kaken","award":["JP19K22262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K22262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-026-04888-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:09:20Z","timestamp":1783148960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Sea Cucumber Holobiont and Probiotics: Recent Progress on Apostichopus japonicus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Juanwen","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunqi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Mino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoo","family":"Sawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4888_CR1","unstructured":"Margulis L (1991) Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis. In: Margullis L, Fester R (eds) Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation. MIT Press USA, pp 1\u201310"},{"key":"4888_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado2152","volume":"386","author":"SR Bordenstein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bordenstein SR, The Holobiont Biology Network (2024) The disciplinary matrix of holobiont biology. Science 386:731\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.ado2152","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4888_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.01.001","volume":"12","author":"LV Hooper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hooper LV (2004) Bacterial contributions to mammalian gut development. Trend Microbiol 12:129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2004.01.001","journal-title":"Trend Microbiol"},{"key":"4888_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0457-9","volume":"6","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I (2018) The hologenome concept of evolution after 10 years. Microbiome 6:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-018-0457-9","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4888_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00459","volume":"7","author":"J Jovel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jovel J, Patterson J, Wang W et al (2016) Characterization of the gut microbiome using 16S or shotgun metagenomics. Front Microbiol 7:459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00459","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4888_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2929","volume":"77","author":"S Thomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomas S, Izard J, Walsh E et al (2017) The host microbiome regulates and maintains human health: a primer and perspective for non-microbiologists. Cancer Res 77:1783\u20131812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2929","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"4888_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.005","volume":"22","author":"P Maruvada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maruvada P, Leone V, Kaplan LM et al (2017) The human microbiome and obesity: moving beyond associations. Cell Host Microbe 22:589\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.005","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"4888_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317503","volume":"68","author":"MG Dominguez-Bello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dominguez-Bello MG, Godoy-Vitorino F, Knight R et al (2019) Role of the microbiome in human development. Gut 68:1108\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317503","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4888_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002226","volume":"13","author":"SR Bordenstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bordenstein SR, Theis KR (2015) Host biology in light of the microbiome: ten principles of holobionts and hologenomes. PLoS Biol 13:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002226","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"4888_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0619-4","volume":"7","author":"JC Simon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simon JC, Marchesi JR, Mougel C et al (2019) Host-microbiota interactions: from holobiont theory to analysis. Microbiome 7:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-019-0619-4","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4888_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x","volume":"32","author":"I Zilber-Rosenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zilber-Rosenberg I, Rosenberg E (2008) Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:723\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4888_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13227-023-00220-0","volume":"15","author":"M Perillo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perillo M, Sepe RM, Paganos P et al (2024) Sea cucumbers: an emerging system in evo\u2013devo. EvoDevo 15:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13227-023-00220-0","journal-title":"EvoDevo"},{"key":"4888_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.08.017","volume":"480","author":"YR Hou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hou YR, Sun YJ, Gao QF et al (2017) Effect of the bioturbation derived from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) farming on the different occurrence forms of sedimentary inorganic carbon. Aquaculture 480:108\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.08.017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4888_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1189","volume":"55","author":"JE Garc\u00eda-Arrar\u00e1s","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Arrar\u00e1s JE, Greenberg MJ (2001) Visceral regeneration in holothurians. Microsc Res Tech 55:438\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.1189","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"4888_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0761-6","volume":"336","author":"IY Dolmatov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dolmatov IY, Ginanova TT (2009) Post-autotomy regeneration of respiratory trees in the holothurian Apostichopus japonicus (Holothuroidea, Aspidochirotida). Cell Tissue Res 336:41\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-009-0761-6","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"4888_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1707.07067","volume":"27","author":"TY Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim TY, Lee JJ, Kim BS et al (2017) Whole-body microbiota of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from south Korea for improved seafood management. J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:1753\u20131762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4014\/jmb.1707.07067","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"4888_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.103838","volume":"101","author":"J Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng J, Zhang L, Tang X et al (2021) Season and geography induced variation in sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) nutritional composition and gut microbiota. J Food Compos Anal 101:103838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.103838","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"4888_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME12020","volume":"27","author":"E Enomoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enomoto E, Nakagawa S, Sawabe T (2012) Microbial communities associated with holothurians: presence of unique bacteria in the coelomic fluid. Microbes Environ 27:300\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1264\/jsme2.ME12020","journal-title":"Microbes Environ"},{"key":"4888_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.25431\/1824-307X\/isj.v18i1.46-55","volume":"18","author":"C Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang C, Yu Z, Xue Z et al (2021) The temporal dynamics of bacteria in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus after evisceration. ISJ 18:46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25431\/1824-307X\/isj.v18i1.46-55","journal-title":"ISJ"},{"key":"4888_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01357-21","volume":"13","author":"FX Zheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zheng FX, Sun XQ, Zhang JX (2006) Histological studies on evisceration and regeneration in Apostichopus japonicus. J Fish Sci China 13:134\u2013139.","journal-title":"J Fish Sci China"},{"key":"4888_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2003790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003790","volume":"15","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Sun L, Yuan J et al (2017) The sea cucumber genome provides insights into morphological evolution and visceral regeneration. PLoS Biol 15:e2003790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003790","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"4888_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.037","volume":"74","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li C, Ren Y, Jiang S et al (2018) Effects of dietary supplementation of four strains of lactic acid bacteria on growth, immune-related response and genes expression of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Fish Shellfish Immunol 74:69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.037","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"4888_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.102","volume":"654","author":"J Viera-Vera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viera-Vera J, Garc\u00eda-Arrar\u00e1s JE (2018) Molecular characterization and gene expression patterns of retinoid receptors, in normal and regenerating tissues of the sea cucumber, Holothuria glaberrima. Gene 654:23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.102","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"4888_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00489","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00489-20","volume":"86","author":"BL Weigel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weigel BL (2020) Sea cucumber intestinal regeneration reveals deterministic assembly of the gut microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 86:e00489\u2013e00420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00489-20","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4888_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1250","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1250","volume":"10","author":"Z Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Z, Xue Z, Liu C et al (2021) Distinct microbiota assembly mechanisms revealed in different reconstruction stages during gut regeneration in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Microbiologyopen 10:e1250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.1250","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"4888_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931903","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.931903","volume":"9","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Lv Z, Guo M (2022) Research advancement of Apostichopus japonicus from 2000 to 2021. Front Mar Sci 9:931903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.931903","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"4888_CR27","unstructured":"Hamel JFF, Mercier A (2013) Apostichopus japonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. Gland: IUCN. 10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180424A1629389.en"},{"key":"4888_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.05.032","volume":"45","author":"G Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang G, Tian X, Dong S et al (2015) Effects of dietary Bacillus cereus G19, B. cereus BC-01, and Paracoccus marcusii DB11 supplementation on the growth, immune response, and expression of immune-related genes in coelomocytes and intestine of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka). Fish Shellfish Immunol 45:800\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.05.032","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"4888_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21631","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21631","volume":"6","author":"Y Yamazaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yamazaki Y, Meirelles PM, Mino S et al (2016) Individual Apostichopus japonicus fecal microbiome reveals a link with polyhydroxybutyrate producers in host growth gaps. Sci Rep 6:21631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep21631","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4888_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2011.03078.x","volume":"44","author":"T Soliman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soliman T, Yamazaki Y, Niiyama H et al (2013) Spontaneous captive breeding and larval development in the green and red variants of the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka 1867). Aquac Res 44:738\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2011.03078.x","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"4888_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Koren O, Reshef L et al (2007) The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 5:355\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1635"},{"key":"4888_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vega Thurber R, Willner-Hall D, Rodriguez-Mueller B et al (2009) Metagenomic analysis of stressed coral holobionts. Environ Microbiol 11:2148\u20132163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01935.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01935.x"},{"key":"4888_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egan S, Harder T, Burke C et al (2013) The seaweed holobiont: understanding seaweed bacteria interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37:462\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1574-6976.12011","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12011"},{"key":"4888_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Webster NS, Thomas T (2016) The sponge hologenome. MBio 7:e00135\u2013e00116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00135","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00135"},{"key":"4888_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Douglas AE (2015) Multiorganismal insects: diversity and function of resident microorganisms. Annu Rev Entomol 60:17\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020822","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020822"},{"key":"4888_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LeBlanc JG, Milani C, de Giori GS et al (2013) Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24:160\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005"},{"key":"4888_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han M, Wang C, Liu P et al (2017) Dietary fiber gap and host gut microbiota. Protein Pept Lett 24:388\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929866524666170220113312","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866524666170220113312"},{"key":"4888_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F et al (2011) Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natil Acad Sci USA 108:3047\u20133052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005"},{"key":"4888_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rathje K, Mortzfeld B, Hoeppner MP et al (2020) Dynamic interactions within the host associated microbiota cause tumor formation in the basal metazoan Hydra. PLoS Pathog 16:e1008375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008375","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008375"},{"key":"4888_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang G, Xu Z, Tian X et al (2015) Intestinal microbiota and immune related genes in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) response to dietary \u03b2-glucan supplementation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 458:98\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.01.074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.01.074"},{"key":"4888_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen J, Ren Y, Li Y et al (2018) Regulation of growth, intestinal microbiota, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) in biofloc systems. Fish Shellfish Immunol 77:175\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.03.053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.03.053"},{"key":"4888_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chi C, Liu JY, Fei SZ et al (2014) Effect of intestinal autochthonous probiotics isolated from the gut of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) on immune response and growth of A. japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 38:367\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.04.001"},{"key":"4888_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Yuan L, Wan J et al (2016) Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus cereus EN25 on growth, immunity and disease resistance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 49:237\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.12.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.12.035"},{"key":"4888_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng QM, Ru XS, Zhang LB et al (2022) Differences in feeding behavior and intestinal microbiota may relate to different growth rates of sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus). Aquaculture 738368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738368"},{"key":"4888_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Jiang J, Pan Y e al (2022) Sea cucumber body vesicular syndrome is driven by the pond water microbiome via an altered gut microbiota. MSystems 14:e01357\u2013e01321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01357-21","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01357-21"},{"key":"4888_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao F, Li F, Tan J et al (2014) Bacterial community composition in the gut content and ambient sediment of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus revealed by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE 9:e100092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100092"},{"key":"4888_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamazaki Y, Sakai Y, Mino S et al (2019) Repeated selective enrichment process of sediment microbiota occurred in sea cucumber guts. Environ Microbiol Rep 11:797\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-2229.12791","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12791"},{"key":"4888_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Xing R, Lv Z et al (2018) Analysis of gut microbiota revealed Lactococcus garviaeae could be an indicative of skin ulceration syndrome in farmed sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 80:148\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.06.001"},{"key":"4888_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jondelius U (2019) Epidermal ultrastructure of Anoplodium stichopi (Plathelminthes, Dalyellioida), a flatworm endosymbiotic in Stichopus tremulus (Holothurioida). Zoomorphology 106:254\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00312047.198","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312047.198"},{"key":"4888_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wang Q, Liu S et al (2019) Genomic and metagenomic insights into the microbial community in the regenerating intestine of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Front Microbiol 10:1165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01165","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01165"},{"key":"4888_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhao X, Xu H et al (2018) Characterization of the bacterial community in different parts of the gut of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and its variation during gut regeneration. Aquac Res 49:1987\u20131996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.13654","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13654"},{"key":"4888_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamazaki Y, Yu J, Sakai Y et al (2020) Tracking the dynamics of individual gut microbiome of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during gut regeneration. PeerJ 8:e10260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.14710","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14710"},{"key":"4888_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unuma T, Tsuda N, Sakai Y et al. (2020) Coccidian parasite in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)ovaries. Biol Bull 238:64-71. https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/707807","DOI":"10.1086\/707807"},{"key":"4888_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonacolta AM, Krause-Massaguer J, Unuma T, delCampo J (2025) The sea cucumber-infecting parasite Apostichocystis gudetama gen. nov. sp. nov. expands marine-host-specific clade ofapicomplexans. J Eukaryot Microbiol 72: e70013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeu.70013","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.70013"},{"key":"4888_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamazaki Y, Sakai Y, Mino S, Sawabe T (2020) An annual faecal 16S amplicon sequencing of individual sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) demonstrates the feeding behaviours against eukaryotes in natural environments. Aquacul Res 51:3602\u20133608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.14710","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14710"},{"key":"4888_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hewson I, Brandt M, Budd K et al (2024) Viral metagenomic investigation of two Caribbean echinoderms, Diadema antillarum (Echinoidea) and Holothuria floridana (Holothuria). PeerJ 12:e18321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.18321","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18321"},{"key":"4888_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arrieta MC, Stiemsma LT, Dimitriu PA et al (2015) Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma. Sci Transl Med 7:307ra152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab2271","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab2271"},{"key":"4888_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wopereis H, Oozeer R, Knipping K et al (2014) The first thousand days \u2013 intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 25:428\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pai.12232","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12232"},{"key":"4888_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schokker D, Veninga G, Vastenhouw SA et al (2015) Early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines. BMC Genomics 16:418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1646-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1646-6"},{"key":"4888_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y et al (2015) Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe 17:690\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004"},{"key":"4888_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F et al (2017) The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 81:e00036\u2013e00017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17"},{"key":"4888_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borghi E, Massa V, Severgnini M et al (2019) Antenatal microbial colonization of mammalian gut. Reprod Sci 26:1045\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719118804411","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118804411"},{"key":"4888_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baothman OA, Zamzami MA, Taher I et al (2016) The role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 15:108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-016-0278-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0278-4"},{"key":"4888_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naseribafrouei A, Hestad K, Avershina E et al (2014) Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 26:1155\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.12378","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12378"},{"key":"4888_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maruvada P, Leone V, Kaplan LM et al (2017) The human microbiome and obesity: moving beyond associations. Cell Host Microbe 22:589\u2013599. 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.005"},{"key":"4888_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isaacson R, Kim HB (2012) The intestinal microbiome of the pig. Anim Health Res Rev 13:100\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1466252312000084","DOI":"10.1017\/s1466252312000084"},{"key":"4888_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giatsis C, Sipkema D, Smidt H et al (2014) The colonization dynamics of the gut microbiota in tilapia larvae. PLoS ONE 9:e103641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103641"},{"key":"4888_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Treichel NS, Prevor\u0161ek Z, Mrak V et al (2019) Effect of the nursing mother on the gut microbiome of the offspring during early mouse development. Microb Ecol 78:517\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-019-01317-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-019-01317-7"},{"key":"4888_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilkes Walburn J, Wemheuer B, Thomas T et al (2019) Diet and diet-associated bacteria shape early microbiome development in Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Microb Biotechnol 12:275\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-7915.13323","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13323"},{"key":"4888_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu JW, Sakai Y, Mino S et al (2022) Characterization of microbiomes associated with the early life stages of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Front Mar Sci 9:801344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.801344","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.801344"},{"key":"4888_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu JW, Jiang C, Yamano R et al (2023) Unveiling the early life core microbiome of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and the unexpected abundance of the growth-promoting Sulfitobacter. Anim Microbiome 5:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42523-023-00276-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-023-00276-2"},{"key":"4888_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sawabe T, Kudo R, Yu JW et al (2025) Deciphering probiotic effects of Sulfitobacter pontiacus strain BL28 on the host sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Curr Microbiol 82:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-025-04138-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04138-9"},{"key":"4888_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M et al (2007) The Human Microbiome Project. Nature 449:804\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244"},{"key":"4888_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neu AT, Allen EE, Roy K (2021) Defining and quantifying the core microbiome: challenges and prospects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2104429118. 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2104429118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104429118"},{"key":"4888_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Risely A (2020) Applying the core microbiome to understand host\u2013microbe systems. J Anim Ecol 89:1549\u20131558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13229","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13229"},{"key":"4888_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Apprill A, Miller CA, Moore MJ et al (2017) Extensive core microbiome in drone-captured whale blow supports a framework for health monitoring. MSystems 2:e00119\u2013e00117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00119-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00119-17"},{"key":"4888_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pootakham W, Mhuantong W, Yoocha T et al (2019) Heatinduced shift in coral microbiome reveals several members of the Rhodobacteraceae family as indicator species for thermal stress in Porites lutea. Microbiologyopen 8:e935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.935","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.935"},{"key":"4888_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sehnal L, Brammer-Robbins E, Wormington AM et al (2021) Microbiome composition and function in aquatic vertebrates: small organisms making big impacts on aquatic animal health. Front Microbiol 12:567408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.567408","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.567408"},{"key":"4888_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T et al (2009) A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457:480\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature07540","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540"},{"key":"4888_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckhed F, Fraser CM, Ringel Y et al (2012) Defining a healthy human gut microbiome: current concepts, future directions, and clinical applications. Cell Host Microbe 12:611\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2012.10.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.10.012"},{"key":"4888_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delbeke H, Younas S, Casteels I et al (2021) Current knowledge on the human eye microbiome: a systematic review of available amplicon and metagenomic sequencing data. Acta Ophthalmol 99:16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14508","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14508"},{"key":"4888_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hernandez-Agreda A, Gates RD, Ainsworth TD (2017) Defining the core microbiome in corals\u2019 microbial soup. Trends Microbiol 25:125\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.003"},{"key":"4888_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kokou F, Sasson G, Friedman J et al (2019) Core gut microbial communities are maintained by beneficial interactions and strain variability in fish. Nat Microbiol 4:2456\u20132465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0560-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0560-0"},{"key":"4888_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arrieta MC, Stiemsma LT, Amenyogbe N et al (2014) The intestinal microbiome in early life: Health and disease. Front Immunol 5:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00427","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00427"},{"key":"4888_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Z, Lee-Sarwar K, Kelly RS et al (2022) Identifying the critical time window for the association of the early-life gut microbiome and metabolome with childhood neurodevelopment. MedRxiv 2021.12.30.21268329. 0.1101\/2021.12.30.21268329","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.30.21268329"},{"key":"4888_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Binkowska J, Bogaert D (2020) Early life microbiota and respiratory tract infections. Cell Host Microbe 28:223\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.004"},{"key":"4888_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu D, Wang L, Zhao R et al (2022) Core microbiome involved in nitrite removal in shrimp culture ponds. Aquac Res 53:1663\u2013 1675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.15698","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15698"},{"key":"4888_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kullapanich C, Jandang S, Palasuk M et al (2021) First dynamics of bacterial community during development of Acropora humilis larvae in aquaculture. Sci Rep 11:11762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91379-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91379-w"},{"key":"4888_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du ZJ, Miao TT, Rooney AP et al (2013) Neiella marina gen. nov., isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Int Syst Evol Microbiol 63:1597\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.043448-0","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.043448-0"},{"key":"4888_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang FQ, Ren LH, Sun GH et al (2019) Motilimonas pumila sp. nov., isolated from the gut of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:811\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.003242","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003242"},{"key":"4888_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xia HF, Chen GJ, Du ZJ (2019) Corallincola holothuriorum sp. nov., a facultative anaerobe isolated from sea cucumber intestine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2258\u20132262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.003456","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003456"},{"key":"4888_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zhang W, Xu W et al (2012) Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis T13 on growth, immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 32:750\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.01.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.01.027"},{"key":"4888_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nedashkovskaya OI, Suzuki M, Vysotskii MV et al (2003) Vitellibacter vladivostokensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the phylum Cytophaga\u2013Flavobacterium\u2013Bacteroides. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:1281\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.02302-0","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02302-0"},{"key":"4888_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song EJ, Lee MH, Seo MJ et al (2014) Bizionia psychrotolerans sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 106:837\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-014-0253-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-014-0253-x"},{"key":"4888_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang L, Li X, Hu D, Lai Q et al (2015) Tenacibaculum holothuriorum sp. nov., isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus intestine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65:4347\u20134352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.000574","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000574"},{"key":"4888_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deng H, He C, Zhou Z et al (2009) Isolation and pathogenicity of pathogens from skin ulceration disease and viscera ejection syndrome of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 287:18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.10.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.10.015"},{"key":"4888_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu H, Zheng F, Sun X et al (2010) Identification of the pathogens associated with skin ulceration and peristome tumescence in cultured sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). J Invertebr Pathol 105:236\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jip.2010.05.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2010.05.016"},{"key":"4888_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamano R\u00b8 Yu JW, Jiang C et al (2022) Taxonomic revision of the genus Amphritea supported by genomic and in silico chemotaxonomic analyses, and the proposal of Aliamphritea gen. nov PLoS ONE 17:e0271174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271174"},{"key":"4888_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamano R, Yu JW, Haditomo AHC et al (2023) Genome taxonomy of the genus Thalassotalea and proposal of Thalassotalea hakodatensis sp. nov. isolated from sea cucumber larvae. PLoS ONE 18:e0286693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0286693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286693"},{"key":"4888_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kudo R, Yamano R, Yu JW et al (2023) Genome taxonomy of the genus Neptuniibacter and proposal of Neptuniibacter victor sp. nov. isolated from sea cucumber larvae. PLoS ONE 18:e0290060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290060","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290060"},{"key":"4888_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kudo R, Yamano R, Yu JW et al (2024) The description of Pseudoalteromonas apostichopi sp. nov., Vibrio apostichopi sp. nov., and Marinobacter apostichopi sp. nov. from the fertilized eggs and larvae of Apostichopus japonicus. Curr Microbiol 81:246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-024-03751-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03751-4"},{"key":"4888_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sweet MJ, Bateman KS (2015) Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries. J Sea Res 104:16\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seares.2015.06.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2015.06.016"},{"key":"4888_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang W, Li C, Guo M (2021) Use of ecofriendly alternatives for the control of bacterial infection in aquaculture of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 545:737185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737185"},{"key":"4888_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang XT, Sun YX, Wang LL et al (2017) Synbiotic dietary supplement affects growth, immune responses and intestinal microbiota of Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 68:232\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.07.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.07.027"},{"key":"4888_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2016.01.005","volume":"39","author":"T Grotkj\u00e6r","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grotkj\u00e6r T, Bentzon-Tilia M, D\u2019Alvise P et al (2016) Isolation of TDA-producing Phaeobacter strains from sea bass larval rearing units and their probiotic effect against pathogenic Vibrio spp. in Artemia cultures. Syst Appl Microbiol 39:180\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.syapm.2016.01.005","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"4888_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhang J, Li X et al (2016) Efficiency of a bacteriophage in controlling vibrio infection in the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 451:345\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.09.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.09.024"},{"key":"4888_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu B, Zhou W, Wang H et al (2020) Bacillus baekryungensis MS1 regulates the growth, non-specific immune parameters and gut microbiota of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 102:133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.09.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.09.024"},{"key":"4888_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu X et al (2022) Effects of endogenous potential probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus M2-4 on intestinal microflora and metabonomics in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 555:738247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738247"},{"key":"4888_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan FJ, Tian XL, Dong SL et al (2014) Growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus fed a supplementary diet of the potential probiotic Paracoccus marcusii DB11. Aquaculture 420:105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.10.045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.10.045"},{"key":"4888_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ivanova EP, Nedashkovskaya OI, Chun J et al (2001) Arenibacter gen. nov., new genus of the family Flavobacteriaceae and description of a new species, Arenibacter latericius sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:1987\u20131995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00207713-51-6-1987","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-6-1987"},{"key":"4888_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurahashi M, Fukunaga Y, Sakiyama Y et al (2010) Euzebya tangerina gen. nov., sp. nov., a deeply branching marine actinobacterium isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria edulis, and proposal of Euzebyaceae fam. nov., Euzebyales ord. nov. and Nitriliruptoridae subclassis nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60: 2314\u20132319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.016543-0","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.016543-0"},{"key":"4888_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sakai T, Ishizuka K, Kato I (2003) Isolation and characterization of a fucoidan-degrading marine bacterium. Mar Biotechnol 5:409\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10126-002-0118-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-002-0118-6"},{"key":"4888_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, Xu Y, Jin L, Li X (2015) Effects of a probiotic mixture (Bacillus subtilis YB-1 and Bacillus cereus YB-2) on disease resistance and non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Aquac Res 46:3008\u20133019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10126-002-0118-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-002-0118-6"},{"key":"4888_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou W, Liu B, Li Y et al (2021) Dietary supplementation with Sporosarcina aquimarina MS4 enhances juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) growth, immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection at low temperature. Aquac Nutr 27:918\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.13236","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13236"},{"key":"4888_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang M, Lv C, Chen Y et al (2022) Effects of the potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis D1-2 on growth, digestion, immunity and intestinal flora in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 124:12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.03.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.03.043"},{"key":"4888_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang G, Peng M, Tian X, Dong S (2017) Molecular ecological network analysis reveals the effects of probiotics and florfenicol on intestinal microbiota homeostasis: An example of sea cucumber. Sci Rep 7:4778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-05312-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05312-1"},{"key":"4888_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pag\u00e1n-Jim\u00e9nez M, Ruiz-Calder\u00f3n JF, Dominguez-Bello MG, Garc\u00eda-Arrar\u00e1s JE (2019) Characterization of the intestinal microbiota of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. PLoS ONE 14:e0208011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208011"},{"key":"4888_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang G, Tian X, Dong S (2019) Bacillus cereus and rhubarb regulate the intestinal microbiota of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka): species-species interaction, network, and stability. Aquaculture 512:734284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734284"},{"key":"4888_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Liu H, Wang Q et al (2019) The effects of benzo[\u03b1] pyrene on the composition of gut microbiota and the gut health of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Fish Shellfish Immunol 93:369\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.07.073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.07.073"},{"key":"4888_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeng F, Wu L, Ren X et al (2021) Effects of chronic prometryn exposure on antioxidative status, intestinal morphology, and microbiota in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 250:109187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109187"},{"key":"4888_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Z, Yang Q, Lin Q, Wu J, Du H, Zhou C (2021) Effects of Bacillus spp. on growth, gut microbiota compositions and immunity of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Aquac Res 52:3978\u20133990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.15241","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15241"},{"key":"4888_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei SS, Yen CM, Marshall IP et al (2022) Gut microbiome and metabolome of sea cucumber (Stichopus ocellatus) as putative markers for monitoring the marine sediment pollution in Pahang, Malaysia. Mar Pollut Bull 182:114022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114022"},{"key":"4888_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang S, Ru X, Zhang L et al (2023) Examination of sex-related differences in intestinal and gonadal lipid metabolism in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 562:738787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738787"},{"key":"4888_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu JW, Sawabe T, Yamano R et al (2023) Inferring potential causative microbial factors of intestinal atrophic disease in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Front Mar Sci 10:1225318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1225318","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1225318"},{"key":"4888_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li H, Qiao G, Li Q et al (2010) Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic Shewanella marisflavi infecting sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. J Fish Dis 33:865\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-1302761.2010.01189.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-1302761.2010.01189.x"},{"key":"4888_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X, Nakahara T, Murase S et al (2013) Physiological characterization of aerobic culturable bacteria in the intestine of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. J Gen Appl Microbiol 59:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2323\/jgam.59.1","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.59.1"}],"container-title":["Current Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04888-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04888-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04888-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:15:03Z","timestamp":1784798103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04888-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-026-04888-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0343-8651","1432-0991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0343-8651","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"TS is an associate editor for Current Microbiology. Authors except TS declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"(Not applicable)","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"(Not applicable)","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"(Not applicable)","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"461"}}