{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T13:59:49Z","timestamp":1785074389160,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prime Minister Fellowship, Governance Innovation Unit, Prime Minister's Office, People's Republic of Bangladesh"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-026-05031-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:33:24Z","timestamp":1782275604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioassay-guided Isolation of Antibacterial Compounds from Ethanolic Extract of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Leaves and Developmental Toxicity Evaluation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Farhana","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Luyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jef","family":"Rozenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Paeshuyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"5031_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29793","volume":"10","author":"SI Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam SI, Mahfuj S, Baqar Z, Asadujjaman M et al (2024) Bacterial diseases of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer): a review for health management strategies and future aquaculture sustainability. Heliyon 10(9):e29793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29793","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"5031_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020470","volume":"11","author":"AA Irshath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Irshath AA, Rajan AP, Vimal S, Prabhakaran VS, Ganesan R (2023) Bacterial pathogenesis in various fish diseases: recent advances and specific challenges in vaccine development. Vaccines 11(2):470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11020470","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"5031_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maldonado-Miranda JJ, Castillo-P\u00e9rez LJ, Ponce-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Carranza-\u00c1lvarez C (2022) Summary of economic losses due to bacterial pathogens in aquaculture industry. In: Bacterial fish diseases. Academic Press; 2022: 399\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-85624-9.00023-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85624-9.00023-3"},{"key":"5031_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-025-01857-5","volume":"33","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed F, Luyten W, Paeshuyse J (2025) Disease management and biosecurity adoption status in finfish aquaculture: insights from Bangladesh. Aquacult Int 33:184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-025-01857-5","journal-title":"Aquacult Int"},{"key":"5031_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mkulo EM, Wang B, Amoah K, Huang Y et al (2024) The current status and development forecasts of vaccines for aquaculture and its effects on bacterial and viral diseases. Microb Pathog 106971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106971"},{"issue":"24","key":"5031_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.3390\/su142417038","volume":"14","author":"U Salma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salma U, Shafiujjaman M, Al Zahid M, Faruque MH (2022) Widespread use of antibiotics, pesticides, and other aqua-chemicals in finfish aquaculture in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh. Sustainability 14(24):17038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su142417038","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"5031_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance-fact sheets (2023) Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance"},{"key":"5031_CR8","volume-title":"Drug-resistant infections: a threat to our economic future","author":"OB Jonas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jonas OB, Irwin A, Berthe FCJ, Le Gall FG, Marquez PV (2017) Drug-resistant infections: a threat to our economic future. World Bank Group, Washington, D.C."},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.14719\/pst.2826","volume":"11","author":"LPB Lalngaihmanawmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lalngaihmanawmi LPB, Tlau L, Lalawmpuii L, Lalnundanga et al (2024) Phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Alstonia scholaris from Mizoram, India. Plant Sci Today 11(1):337\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14719\/pst.2826","journal-title":"Plant Sci Today"},{"key":"5031_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) Regional workshop on clinical research methodologies in traditional medicine for the WHO South-East Asia Region: Report of the regional workshop, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 9\u201311 September 2019. World Health Organization"},{"key":"5031_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waheed A, Akram S, Mushtaq M, Adnan A (2021) Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. In: Mushtaq M, Anwar F, editors. A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives. Academic Press; 2021: 93\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-822923-1.00021-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822923-1.00021-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"5031_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.15413\/ajmr.2013.0011","volume":"1","author":"SB Uddin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uddin SB, Sultana R, Faruque O (2014) Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants used by the Rakhaing community of Cox\u2019s Bazar District of Bangladesh. Acad J Microbiol Res 1(2):21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15413\/ajmr.2013.0011","journal-title":"Acad J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"5031_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09662-z","volume":"19","author":"K Pandey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandey K, Shevkar C, Bairwa K, Kate SA (2020) Pharmaceutical perspective on bioactives from Alstonia scholaris: ethnomedicinal knowledge, phytochemistry, clinical status, patent space, and future directions. Phytochem Rev 19:191\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-020-09662-z","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"5031_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122119","volume":"22","author":"CM Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang CM, Yeh KL, Tsai SJ, Jhan YL et al (2017) Anti-proliferative activity of triterpenoids and sterols isolated from Alstonia scholaris against non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Molecules 22(12):2119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22122119","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"5031_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020139","volume":"21","author":"CM Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang CM, Chen HT, Wu ZY, Jhan YL et al (2016) Antibacterial and synergistic activity of pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Molecules 21(2):139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules21020139","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"5031_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.22271\/plants.2024.v12.i2a.1652","volume":"12","author":"S De","year":"2024","unstructured":"De S, Das R, Adhikari M, Ghosh P et al (2024) An updated review on Alstonia scholaris: A delightful therapeutic plant. J Med Plants Stud 12(2):43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22271\/plants.2024.v12.i2a.1652","journal-title":"J Med Plants Stud"},{"issue":"12","key":"5031_CR17","first-page":"7","volume":"45","author":"RK Sahoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahoo RK, Biswal S, Biswal BK (2023) A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry and pharmacodynamics of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Plant Sci Res 45(12):7\u201319","journal-title":"Plant Sci Res"},{"key":"5031_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao MX, Cai J, Yang Y, Xu J et al (2023) Traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of Alstonia R. Br. (Apocynaceae): a review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 16(8):104857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104857"},{"key":"5031_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang M, Wang Y, Li X, Yin Y et al (2024) Effects of dietary ursolic acid on growth performance and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). SSRN 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4830106","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4830106"},{"key":"5031_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0947-0","author":"MS Baliga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baliga MS (2012) Review of the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br (Saptaparna). Chin J Integr Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11655-011-0947-0","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"issue":"33","key":"5031_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5530\/097627870302","volume":"17","author":"M Chhajed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chhajed M, Jain A, Pagariya A, Dwivedi S, Jain N, Taile V (2023) Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br.: an assessment of its botany, conventional utilization, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Pharmacogn Rev 17(33):184\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/097627870302","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"5031_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpps20208-16892","volume":"9","author":"R Oktavia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oktavia R, Misfadhila S, Rivai H (2020) Overview of traditional, phytochemical, and pharmacological uses of pulai (Alstonia scholaris). World J Pharm Pharm Sci 9(8):334\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20959\/wjpps20208-16892","journal-title":"World J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2023.2273279","volume":"51","author":"S Sookying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sookying S, Panase A, Srisuttha P, Chaophothun A et al (2023) Devil\u2019s tree flower (Alstonia scholaris) extract: positive effects on growth performance and serum biochemical indices in Channa striata (Bloch, 1793). J Appl Anim Res 51(1):677\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09712119.2023.2273279","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"key":"5031_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdes M (2018) Antimicrobial compounds from plants. Fighting antimicrobial resistance. IAPC-OBP, Zagreb: 243\u2013271","DOI":"10.5599\/obp.15.15"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR25","first-page":"19","volume":"11","author":"M Rudani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudani M, Chhotala Y, Prajapati R, Sailor G et al (2020) Alstonia scholaris: a potent Asian medicinal plant (a comprehensive phytopharmacological review). Pharma Sci Monit 11(1):19\u201339","journal-title":"Pharma Sci Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1708094","volume":"45","author":"T Yumnamcha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yumnamcha T, Devi MD, Roy D, Nongthomba U (2020) Evaluation of developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of aqueous seed extract of Croton tiglium L. using zebrafish. Drug Chem Toxicol 45(1):398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01480545.2019.1708094","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5031_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4942","volume":"27","author":"J Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou J, Ouedraogo M, Qu F, Duez P (2013) Potential genotoxicity of traditional Chinese medicinal plants and phytochemicals: an overview. Phytother Res 27(12):1745\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.4942","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"5031_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.07.033","volume":"133","author":"LK N\u00fc\u00dfer","year":"2016","unstructured":"N\u00fc\u00dfer LK, Skulovich O, Hartmann S, Seiler TB (2016) A sensitive biomarker for the detection of aquatic contamination based on behavioral assays using zebrafish larvae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 133:271\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.07.033","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"5031_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9152757","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9152757","volume":"1","author":"SK Thiagarajan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thiagarajan SK, Rama Krishnan K, Ei T, Husna Shafie N et al (2019) Evaluation of the effect of aqueous Momordica charantia Linn. extract on zebrafish embryo model through acute toxicity assay assessment. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med 1:9152757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9152757","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci4010004","volume":"4","author":"I Bello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bello I, Bakkouri AS, Tabana YM, Al-Hindi B et al (2016) Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluation of the methanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris stem bark. Med Sci 4(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci4010004","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"5031_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00242-4","volume":"10","author":"YL Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao YL, Su M, Shang JH et al (2020a) Acute and chronic toxicity of indole alkaloids from leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. In mice and rats. Nat Prod bioprospecting 10:77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13659-020-00242-4","journal-title":"Nat Prod bioprospecting"},{"key":"5031_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00242-4","volume":"10","author":"YL Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao YL, Su M, Shang JH et al (2020b) Genotoxicity and Safety Pharmacology Studies of Indole Alkaloids Extract from Leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Nat Prod Bioprospecting 10:119\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13659-020-00242-4","journal-title":"Nat Prod Bioprospecting"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR33","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"ND Agustina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agustina ND, Saputri R, Ulfa IM (2023) Acute toxicity of Pulai stem bark (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.) extract in female Wistar rats. Int J Pharm Appl Health Sci 1(1):10\u201314 Retrieved from. https:\/\/wpcpublisher.com\/journal\/index.php\/IJPAHS\/article\/view\/3","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Appl Health Sci"},{"key":"5031_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.06.013","volume":"113","author":"SK Panda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panda SK, Mohanta YK, Padhi L, Luyten W (2019) Antimicrobial activity of select edible plants from Odisha, India against food-borne pathogens. LWT 113:108246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.06.013","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"5031_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00658","volume":"8","author":"SK Panda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panda SK, Padhi L, Leyssen P, Liu M et al (2017) Antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activity of plants traditionally used for treating infectious disease in the Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. Front Pharmacol 8:658","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5031_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6795","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15498","volume":"52","author":"AK Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh AK, Panda SK, Luyten W (2021) Effectiveness of medicinal plant extracts against Vibrio spp. in shrimp aquaculture. Aquac Res 52(12):6795\u20136801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.15498","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"5031_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2013) Test No. 236: Fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Sect. 2. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264203709-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264203709-en"},{"key":"5031_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108513","volume":"123","author":"AMJ Weiner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weiner AMJ, Irijalba I, Gallego MP, Ibarburu I et al (2024) Validation of a zebrafish developmental defects assay as a qualified alternative test for its regulatory use following the ICH S5(R3) guideline. Reprod Toxicol 123:108513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108513","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"5031_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed F, Luyten W, Ghosh AK, Paeshuyse J (2026) Antibacterial activity, phytochemical composition, and cytotoxicity evaluation of select medicinal plants from Bangladesh. Curr Microbiol 83(90). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-025-04645-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04645-9"},{"key":"5031_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jesus JA, Lago JHG, Laurenti MD, Yamamato ES et al (2015) Antimicrobial activity of oleanolic and ursolic acids: an update. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 620472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/620472","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/620472"},{"key":"5031_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03712-z","volume":"22","author":"H Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu H, Yang Y, Aissa A, Tekin V et al (2022) Ethnobotanical study of Hakka traditional medicine in Ganzhou, China and their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic assessments. BMC Complement Med Ther 22:244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-022-03712-z","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"5031_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7857","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7857","volume":"7","author":"A Wakeel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wakeel A, Jan SA, Ullah I, Shinwari ZK, Xu M (2019) Solvent polarity mediates phytochemical yield and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria. PeerJ 7:e7857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.7857","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"21","key":"5031_CR43","first-page":"5173","volume":"406","author":"A Kaufmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaufmann A, Maden K, Leisser W, Mater E, Schlegel C (2014) Multi-residue screening of 300\u2009+\u2009veterinary drugs in meat using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(21):5173\u20135192","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"5031_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-00987-2","volume":"17","author":"SA Marathe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marathe SA, Pandey A, Raut JS (2023) Comparative analysis of bioactivity potential of plant extracts using different solvent systems. BMC Chem 17:98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13065-023-00987-2","journal-title":"BMC Chem"},{"key":"5031_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2023.104670","volume":"109","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, Liu J, Wang H, Li X et al (2023) Chemical constituents of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and their chemotaxonomic significance. Biochem Syst Ecol 109:104670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bse.2023.104670","journal-title":"Biochem Syst Ecol"},{"key":"5031_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghosh AK, Panda SK, Hu H, Schoofs L, Luyten W (2024) Compounds isolation from Syzygium cumini leaf extract against the Vibrio species in shrimp through bioassay-guided fractionation. Nat Prod Res 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2024.2344192","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2344192"},{"key":"5031_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13920","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181113920","volume":"18","author":"L Feng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feng L, Chen Y, Yuan L, Liu X et al (2013) A combination of alkaloids and triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. leaves enhances immunomodulatory activity in C57BL\/6 mice and induces apoptosis in the A549 cell line. Molecules 18:13920\u201313939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules181113920","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5031_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)90032-2","volume":"49","author":"J Liu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liu J (1995) Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 49:57\u201368","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"14","key":"5031_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143291","volume":"29","author":"F Jannus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jannus F, Sainz J, Reyes-Zurita FJ (2024) Principal bioactive properties of oleanolic acid, its derivatives, and analogues. Molecules 29(14):3291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29143291","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5031_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109847","volume":"153","author":"Q Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Q, Liu X, Yang B, Liu TQ et al (2024) Evaluation of the antiviral activity of oleanolic acid against nervous necrosis virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 153:109847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109847","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5031_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11080362","volume":"11","author":"AM Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva AM, Alvarado HL, Abrego G, Martins-Gomes C et al (2019) In vitro cytotoxicity of oleanolic\/ursolic acids-loaded in PLGA nanoparticles in different cell lines. Pharmaceutics 11(8):362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics11080362","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"5031_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01435","volume":"9","author":"S Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao S, Tian XL, Yu WX, Zhou LP et al (2018) Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid improve bone properties and calcium balance and modulate vitamin D metabolism in aged female rats. Front Pharmacol 9:1435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01435","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"5031_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198965","volume":"323","author":"BY Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li BY, Qin JC, Shen YF, Yang F et al (2023) A therapeutic agent of ursolic acid demonstrates potential application in aquaculture. Virus Res 323:198965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198965","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"5031_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101797","volume":"33","author":"G Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu G, Wang J, Cai M, Zhang J et al (2023) Beneficial effects of oleanolic acid on hepatopancreas oxidative stress and intestinal microbiota structure of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). Aquaculture Rep 33:101797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101797","journal-title":"Aquaculture Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0790-5","volume":"15","author":"GTM Bitchagno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bitchagno GTM, Sama Fonkeng L, Kopa TK, Tala MF et al (2015) Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and compounds from fruits of Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae). BMC Complement Altern Med 15(1):265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-015-0790-5","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"5031_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-009-9388-6","volume":"97","author":"A Kurek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurek A, Grudniak AM, Szwed M, Klicka A et al (2010) Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid affect peptidoglycan metabolism in Listeria monocytogenes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen Mol Microbiol 97:61\u201368","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"5031_CR57","first-page":"38","volume":"41","author":"B Nagaraju","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagaraju B, Ramu A, Vidyadhara S, ArunaKumar C et al (2016) Evaluation of in-vivo anti-diarrheal and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 41:38\u201342","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5031_CR58","first-page":"518","volume":"10","author":"A Itam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Itam A, Wulandari A, Rahman MM, Ferdinal N (2018) Preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. leaves and stem bark extracts. J Pharm Sci Res 10(3):518\u2013522","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5031_CR59","first-page":"41","volume":"5","author":"SK Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh SK, Singh A (2010) Toxic effect of Alstonia scholaris plant to fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) in different conditions. World J Zool 5(1):41\u201346","journal-title":"World J Zool"},{"issue":"3","key":"5031_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.47836\/ifrj.29.3.06","volume":"29","author":"V Perumal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perumal V, Khatib A, Ahmed QU, Uzir BF et al (2022) Toxicity and teratogenicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from Momordica charantia fruit using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Int Food Res J 29(3):531\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47836\/ifrj.29.3.06","journal-title":"Int Food Res J"},{"key":"5031_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002030302","volume":"203","author":"CB Kimmel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kimmel CB, Ballard WM, Kimmel SR, Ullman B, Schilling TF (1995) Stage of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203:253\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aja.1002030302","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"5031_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.020","volume":"6","author":"S Murugesu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murugesu S, Khatib A, Ahmed QU, Ibrahim Z et al (2019) Toxicity study on Clinacanthus nutans leaf hexane fraction using Danio rerio embryos. Toxicol Rep 6:1148\u20131154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.020","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"5031_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcms.2017.05.004","volume":"4","author":"Q Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia Q, Ma Z, Mei X, Luo J et al (2017) Assay for the developmental toxicity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to zebrafish embryos\/larvae. J Traditional Chin Med Sci 4:71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcms.2017.05.004","journal-title":"J Traditional Chin Med Sci"},{"key":"5031_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3807207","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3807207","volume":"2019","author":"AA Alafiatayo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alafiatayo AA, Lai KS, Syahida A, Mahmood M et al (2019) Phytochemical evaluation, embryotoxicity, and teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2019:3807207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3807207","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5031_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.08.003","volume":"33","author":"IWT Selderslaghs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Selderslaghs IWT, Blust R, Witters HE (2012) Feasibility study of the zebrafish assay as an alternative method to screen for developmental toxicity and embryotoxicity using a training set of 27 compounds. Reprod Toxicol 33(2):142\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.08.003","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"5031_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091234","volume":"16","author":"K St\u0119pnik","year":"2023","unstructured":"St\u0119pnik K, Kukula-Koch W, Plazinski W, Rybicka M et al (2023) Neuroprotective properties of oleanolic acid\u2014computational-driven molecular research combined with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Pharmaceuticals 16:1234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16091234","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"3","key":"5031_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118800","volume":"10","author":"S Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim S, Lee H, Lee S, Yoon Y, Choi KH (2015) Antimicrobial action of oleanolic acid on Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0118800","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"5031_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.12.064","volume":"26","author":"J Wiemann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiemann J, Heller L, Csuk R (2016) Targeting cancer cells with oleanolic and ursolic acid derived hydroxamates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26(3):907\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.12.064","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"5031_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.465322","volume":"1734","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang T, Wang Y, Zhao S, Han Y et al (2024) Target-specific affinity separation of the bioactive compounds from herbal extract using the spin column packed with the immobilized protein microspheres prior to LC-MS analysis. J Chromatogr A 1734:465322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.465322","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"5031_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Guo Y, Sun X, Ding R et al (2020) Application of oleanolic acid and its analogues in combating pathogenic bacteria in vitro\/vivo by a two-pronged strategy of \u03b2-lactamases and hemolysins. ACS omega 5(20):11424\u201311438 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c00460","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00460"},{"key":"5031_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li BY, Hu Y, Li J, Shi K et al. (2019) Ursolic acid from Prunella vulgaris L. efficiently inhibits IHNV infection in vitro and in vivo. Virus Research 273:197741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197741"}],"container-title":["Current Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-026-05031-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00284-026-05031-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00284-026-05031-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T13:01:42Z","timestamp":1785070902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00284-026-05031-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-026-05031-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0343-8651","1432-0991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0343-8651","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethical Committee of Animal Experiments, KU Leuven, Belgium, approved the Notification of Replacement (4R) animal experiment (M-number: M031\/2023).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"450"}}