{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:13:36Z","timestamp":1792023216959,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB1330743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB1330743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM122880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM122880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM105473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM105473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-018-0806-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T08:26:59Z","timestamp":1515659219000},"page":"789-794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["R-loops: targets for nuclease cleavage and repeat instability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine H.","family":"Freudenreich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"806_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007580107","volume":"107","author":"BP Belotserkovskii","year":"2010","unstructured":"Belotserkovskii BP, Liu R, Tornaletti S, Krasilnikova MM, Mirkin SM, Hanawalt PC (2010) Mechanisms and implications of transcription blockage by guanine-rich DNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:12816\u201312821","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"806_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8620","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400078y","volume":"113","author":"BP Belotserkovskii","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belotserkovskii BP, Mirkin SM, Hanawalt PC (2013) DNA sequences that interfere with transcription: implications for genome function and stability. Chem Rev 113:8620\u20138637","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"806_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00166","volume":"6","author":"A Brambati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brambati A, Colosio A, Zardoni L, Galanti L, Liberi G (2015) Replication and transcription on a collision course: eukaryotic regulation mechanisms and implications for DNA stability. Front Genet 6:166","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"806_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1535","volume":"44","author":"S Bregenhorn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bregenhorn S, Kallenberger L, Artola-Boran M, Pena-Diaz J, Jiricny J (2016) Non-canonical uracil processing in DNA gives rise to double-strand breaks and deletions: relevance to class switch recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 44:2691\u20132705","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"806_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004288","volume":"10","author":"YA Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan YA, Aristizabal MJ, Lu PY, Luo Z, Hamza A, Kobor MS, Stirling PC, Hieter P (2014) Genome-wide profiling of yeast DNA:RNA hybrid prone sites with DRIP-chip. PLoS Genet 10:e1004288","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2016.10.002","volume":"32","author":"F Chedin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chedin F (2016) Nascent connections: R-loops and chromatin patterning. Trends Genet: TIG 32:828\u2013838","journal-title":"Trends Genet: TIG"},{"key":"806_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000704","volume":"5","author":"S Ditch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ditch S, Sammarco MC, Banerjee A, Grabczyk E (2009) Progressive GAA.TTC repeat expansion in human cell lines. PLoS Genet 5:e1000704","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1200804","volume":"18","author":"ML Duquette","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duquette ML, Handa P, Vincent JA, Taylor AF, Maizels N (2004) Intracellular transcription of G-rich DNAs induces formation of G-loops, novel structures containing G4 DNA. Genes Dev 18:1618\u20131629","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"806_CR9","first-page":"611","volume":"31","author":"A Entezam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Entezam A, Lokanga AR, Le W, Hoffman G, Usdin K (2010) Potassium bromate, a potent DNA oxidizing agent, exacerbates germline repeat expansion in a fragile X premutation mouse model. Hum Mutat 31:611\u2013616","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"806_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12404","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12404","volume":"95","author":"H Flores-Rozas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Flores-Rozas H, Kolodner RD (1998) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MLH3 gene functions in MSH3-dependent suppression of frameshift mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12404\u201312409","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"806_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm589","volume":"35","author":"E Grabczyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grabczyk E, Mancuso M, Sammarco MC (2007) A persistent RNA.DNA hybrid formed by transcription of the Friedreich ataxia triplet repeat in live bacteria, and by T7 RNAP in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 35:5351\u20135359","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"806_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004318","volume":"10","author":"M Groh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Groh M, Lufino MM, Wade-Martins R, Gromak N (2014) R-loops associated with triplet repeat expansions promote gene silencing in friedreich ataxia and fragile X syndrome. PLoS Genet 10:e1004318","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071289","volume":"204","author":"JE Guikema","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guikema JE, Linehan EK, Tsuchimoto D, Nakabeppu Y, Strauss PR, Stavnezer J, Schrader CE (2007) APE1- and APE2-dependent DNA breaks in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. J Exp Med 204:3017\u20133026","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"806_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10068","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx650","volume":"45","author":"N Keogh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keogh N, Chan KY, Li GM, Lahue RS (2017) MutSbeta abundance and Msh3 ATP hydrolysis activity are important drivers of CTG*CAG repeat expansions. Nucleic Acids Res 45:10068\u201310078","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"806_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13682","volume":"515","author":"H Keskin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keskin H, Shen Y, Huang F, Patel M, Yang T, Ashley K, Mazin AV, Storici F (2014) Transcript-RNA-templated DNA recombination and repair. Nature 515:436\u2013439","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"806_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2011.07.002","volume":"10","author":"N Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim N, Jinks-Robertson S (2011) Guanine repeat-containing sequences confer transcription-dependent instability in an orientation-specific manner in yeast. DNA Repair 10:953\u2013960","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"806_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3334","volume":"24","author":"JC Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JC, Harris ST, Dinter T, Shah KA, Mirkin SM (2017) The role of break-induced replication in large-scale expansions of (CAG)n\/(CTG)n repeats. Nat Struct Mol Biol 24:55\u201360","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"806_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05778","volume":"447","author":"IV Kovtun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kovtun IV, Liu Y, Bjoras M, Klungland A, Wilson SH, McMurray CT (2007) OGG1 initiates age-dependent CAG trinucleotide expansion in somatic cells. Nature 447:447\u2013452","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"806_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12465","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12465","volume":"7","author":"Y Lai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lai Y, Budworth H, Beaver JM, Chan NL, Zhang Z, McMurray CT, Liu Y (2016) Crosstalk between MSH2\u2013MSH3 and polbeta promotes trinucleotide repeat expansion during base excision repair. Nat Commun 7:12465","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"806_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.003","volume":"162","author":"JM Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee JM, Chao WV, Vonsattel MJ, Pinto JP, Lucente RM, Abu-Elneel D, Ramos K, Mysore EM, Gillis JS, MacDonald T, Gusella ME, Harold JF, Stone D, Escott-Price TC, Han V, Vedernikov J, Holmans A, Jones P, Kwak L, Mahmoudi S, Orth M, Landwehrmeyer M, Paulsen GB, Dorsey JS, Shoulson ER, Myers IRH (2015) Identification of genetic factors that modify clinical onset of Huntington\u2019s disease. Cell 162:516\u2013526","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"806_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx286","volume":"26","author":"JM Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee JM, Chao MJ, Harold D, Abu Elneel K, Gillis T, Holmans P, Jones L, Orth M, Myers RH, Kwak S et al (2017) A modifier of Huntington\u2019s disease onset at the MLH1 locus. Hum Mol Genet 26:3859\u20133867","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"806_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00739-07","volume":"27","author":"Y Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin Y, Wilson JH (2007) Transcription-induced CAG repeat contraction in human cells is mediated in part by transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. Mol Cell Biol 27:6209\u20136217","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"806_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046807","volume":"7","author":"Y Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin Y, Wilson JH (2012) Nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and R-loops modulate convergent transcription-induced cell death and repeat instability. PloS one 7:e46807","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"806_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1042","volume":"13","author":"Y Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lin Y, Dion V, Wilson JH (2006) Transcription promotes contraction of CAG repeat tracts in human cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:179\u2013180","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"806_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909740107","volume":"107","author":"Y Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin Y, Dent SY, Wilson JH, Wells RD, Napierala M (2010) R loops stimulate genetic instability of CTG.CAG repeats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:692\u2013697","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"806_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2011.12.002","volume":"37","author":"Y Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wilson SH (2012) DNA base excision repair: a mechanism of trinucleotide repeat expansion. Trends Biochem Sci 37:162\u2013172","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"806_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005181","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005181","volume":"11","author":"RA Lokanga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lokanga RA, Senejani AG, Sweasy JB, Usdin K (2015) Heterozygosity for a hypomorphic Polbeta mutation reduces the expansion frequency in a mouse model of the Fragile X-related disorders. PLoS Genet 11:e1005181","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004294","volume":"10","author":"EW Loomis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loomis EW, Sanz LA, Chedin F, Hagerman PJ (2014) Transcription-associated R-loop formation across the human FMR1 CGG-repeat region. PLoS Genet 10:e1004294","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003468","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003468","volume":"9","author":"N Maizels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maizels N, Gray LT (2013) The G4 genome. PLoS Genet 9:e1003468","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2001164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001164","volume":"15","author":"CM Manhart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manhart CM, Ni X, White MA, Ortega J, Surtees JA, Alani E (2017) The mismatch repair and meiotic recombination endonuclease Mlh1\u2013Mlh3 is activated by polymer formation and can cleave DNA substrates in trans. PLoS Biol 15:e2001164","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"806_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.051","volume":"20","author":"RJ McGinty","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGinty RJ, Puleo F, Aksenova AY, Hisey JA, Shishkin AA, Pearson EL, Wang ET, Housman DE, Moore C, Mirkin SM (2017a) A defective mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation complex facilitates expansions of transcribed (GAA)n repeats associated with Friedreich\u2019s ataxia. Cell Rep 20:2490\u20132500","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"806_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.228148.117","volume":"27","author":"RJ McGinty","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGinty RJ, Rubinstein RG, Neil AJ, Dominska M, Kiktev D, Petes TD, Mirkin SM (2017b) Nanopore sequencing of complex genomic rearrangements in yeast reveals mechanisms of repeat-mediated double-strand break repair. Genome Res 27(12):2072\u20132082","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"806_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2828","volume":"11","author":"CT McMurray","year":"2010","unstructured":"McMurray CT (2010) Mechanisms of trinucleotide repeat instability during human development. Nat Rev Genet 11:786\u2013799","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"806_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds337","volume":"21","author":"L Mollersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mollersen L, Rowe AD, Illuzzi JL, Hildrestrand GA, Gerhold KJ, Tveteras L, Bjolgerud A, Wilson DM, 3rd, Bjoras M, Klungland A (2012) Neil1 is a genetic modifier of somatic and germline CAG trinucleotide repeat instability in R6\/1 mice. Hum Mol Genet 21, 4939\u20134947","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"806_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2016.01.001","volume":"40","author":"F Morales","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morales F, Vasquez M, Santamaria C, Cuenca P, Corrales E, Monckton DG (2016) A polymorphism in the MSH3 mismatch repair gene is associated with the levels of somatic instability of the expanded CTG repeat in the blood DNA of myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients. DNA Repair 40:57\u201366","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"806_CR002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30161-8","volume":"16","author":"DJH Moss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moss DJH et al (2017) Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington\u2019s disease progression: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 16:701\u2013711","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"806_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-016-0617-2","volume":"126","author":"VH Oestergaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oestergaard VH, Lisby M (2017) Transcription-replication conflicts at chromosomal fragile sites-consequences in M phase and beyond. Chromosoma 126:213\u2013222","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"806_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003930","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003930","volume":"9","author":"RM Pinto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinto RM, Dragileva E, Kirby A, Lloret A, Lopez E, St Claire J, Panigrahi GB, Hou C, Holloway K, Gillis T et al (2013) Mismatch repair genes Mlh1 and Mlh3 modify CAG instability in Huntington\u2019s disease mice: genome-wide and candidate approaches. PLoS Genet 9:e1003930","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2017.06.018","volume":"56","author":"EJ Polleys","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polleys EJ, House NCM, Freudenreich CH (2017) Role of recombination and replication fork restart in repeat instability. DNA Repair 56:156\u2013165","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"806_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2017.06.017","volume":"56","author":"AA Polyzos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polyzos AA, McMurray CT (2017) Close encounters: Moving along bumps, breaks, and bubbles on expanded trinucleotide tracts. DNA Repair 56:144\u2013155","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"806_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw051","volume":"25","author":"A Polyzos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polyzos A, Holt A, Brown C, Cosme C, Wipf P, Gomez-Marin A, Castro MR, Ayala-Pena S, McMurray CT (2016) Mitochondrial targeting of XJB-5\u2013131 attenuates or improves pathophysiology in HdhQ150 animals with well-developed disease phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet 25:1792\u20131802","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"806_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.06.034","volume":"67","author":"Q Qiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiao Q, Wang L, Meng FL, Hwang JK, Alt FW, Wu H (2017) AID recognizes structured DNA for class switch recombination. Mol Cell 67:361\u2013373 e364","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"806_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.533810","volume":"289","author":"L Ranjha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranjha L, Anand R, Cejka P (2014) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mlh1\u2013Mlh3 heterodimer is an endonuclease that preferentially binds to Holliday junctions. J Biol Chem 289:5674\u20135686","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"806_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00183a037","volume":"33","author":"L Ratmeyer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ratmeyer L, Vinayak R, Zhong YY, Zon G, Wilson WD (1994) Sequence specific thermodynamic and structural properties for DNA.RNA duplexes. Biochemistry 33:5298\u20135304","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"806_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq935","volume":"39","author":"K Reddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy K, Tam M, Bowater RP, Barber M, Tomlinson M, Edamura N, Wang K, Y.H., and Pearson CE (2011) Determinants of R-loop formation at convergent bidirectionally transcribed trinucleotide repeats. Nucleic Acids Res 39:1749\u20131762","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"806_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10473","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku658","volume":"42","author":"K Reddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reddy K, Schmidt MH, Geist JM, Thakkar NP, Panigrahi GB, Wang YH, Pearson CE (2014) Processing of double-R-loops in (CAG).(CTG) and C9orf72 (GGGGCC).(GGCCCC) repeats causes instability. Nucleic Acids Res 42:10473\u201310487","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"806_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq788","volume":"39","author":"PM Rindler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rindler PM, Bidichandani SI (2011) Role of transcript and interplay between transcription and replication in triplet-repeat instability in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 39:526\u2013535","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"806_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1279808","volume":"258","author":"RW Roberts","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roberts RW, Crothers DM (1992) Stability and properties of double and triple helices: dramatic effects of RNA or DNA backbone composition. Science 258:1463\u20131466","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"806_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5664","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.534644","volume":"289","author":"MV Rogacheva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rogacheva MV, Manhart CM, Chen C, Guarne A, Surtees J, Alani E (2014) Mlh1\u2013Mlh3, a meiotic crossover and DNA mismatch repair factor, is a Msh2\u2013Msh3-stimulated endonuclease. J Biol Chem 289:5664\u20135673","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"806_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003920","volume":"9","author":"NV Romanova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romanova NV, Crouse GF (2013) Different roles of eukaryotic MutS and MutL complexes in repair of small insertion and deletion loops in yeast. PLoS Genet 9:e1003920","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"806_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/19491034.2015.1004952","volume":"6","author":"JS Salvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salvi JS, Mekhail K (2015) R-loops highlight the nucleus in ALS. Nucleus 6:23\u201329","journal-title":"Nucleus"},{"key":"806_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3961","volume":"16","author":"JM Santos-Pereira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santos-Pereira JM, Aguilera A (2015) R loops: new modulators of genome dynamics and function. Nat Rev Genet 16:583\u2013597","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"806_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.032","volume":"63","author":"LA Sanz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanz LA, Hartono SR, Lim YW, Steyaert S, Rajpurkar A, Ginno PA, Xu X, Chedin F (2016) Prevalent, dynamic, and conserved R-loop structures associate with specific epigenomic signatures in mammals. Mol Cell 63:167\u2013178","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"806_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2015.11.008","volume":"38","author":"MH Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt MH, Pearson CE (2016) Disease-associated repeat instability and mismatch repair. DNA Repair 38:117\u2013126","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"806_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0200","volume":"364","author":"CE Schrader","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schrader CE, Guikema JE, Wu X, Stavnezer J (2009) The roles of APE1, APE2, DNA polymerase beta and mismatch repair in creating S region DNA breaks during antibody class switch. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:645\u2013652","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"806_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.242990.114","volume":"28","author":"K Skourti-Stathaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skourti-Stathaki K, Proudfoot NJ (2014) A double-edged sword: R loops as threats to genome integrity and powerful regulators of gene expression. Genes Dev 28:1384\u20131396","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"806_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.10.020","volume":"56","author":"J Sollier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sollier J, Stork CT, Garcia-Rubio ML, Paulsen RD, Aguilera A, Cimprich KA (2014) Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair factors promote R-loop-induced genome instability. Mol Cell 56:777\u2013785","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"806_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090248","volume":"26","author":"J Stavnezer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stavnezer J, Guikema JE, Schrader CE (2008) Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu Rev Immunol 26:261\u2013292","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"806_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8392","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711283114","volume":"114","author":"XA Su","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su XA, Freudenreich CH (2017) Cytosine deamination and base excision repair cause R-loop-induced CAG repeat fragility and instability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:E8392\u2013E8401","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"806_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2014.999192","volume":"50","author":"K Usdin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Usdin K, House NC, Freudenreich CH (2015) Repeat instability during DNA repair: Insights from model systems. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 50(2):142\u2013167","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"806_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00505","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00505","volume":"2","author":"L Wahba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wahba L, Gore SK, Koshland D (2013) The homologous recombination machinery modulates the formation of RNA-DNA hybrids and associated chromosome instability. eLife 2:e00505","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"806_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.280834.116","volume":"30","author":"L Wahba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wahba L, Costantino L, Tan FJ, Zimmer A, Koshland D (2016) S1-DRIP-seq identifies high expression and polyA tracts as major contributors to R-loop formation. Genes Dev 30:1327\u20131338","journal-title":"Genes Dev"}],"container-title":["Current Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00294-018-0806-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00294-018-0806-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00294-018-0806-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:33:48Z","timestamp":1767623628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00294-018-0806-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00294-018-0806-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-8083","1432-0983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-8083","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}