{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:19:09Z","timestamp":1780327149896,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSD Spain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4193-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T11:23:37Z","timestamp":1542021817000},"page":"47-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Efficacy and safety of biological therapy compared to synthetic immunomodulatory drugs or placebo in the treatment of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease associated uveitis: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Urruticoechea-Arana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Cobo-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8172-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Villaverde-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Santos G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4607-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Est\u00edbaliz","family":"Loza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Vargas-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Fari\u00f1as Padr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Diaz-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Calvo-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4193_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2013.02.010","volume":"39","author":"G Hatemi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hatemi G, Yazici Y, Yazici H (2013) Behcet\u2019s syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 39(2):245\u2013261","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"4193_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.123554","volume":"91","author":"N Kitaichi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kitaichi N, Miyazaki A, Iwata D, Ohno S, Stanford MR, Chams H (2007) Ocular features of Behcet\u2019s disease: an international collaborative study. Br J Ophthalmol 91(12):1579\u20131582.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"17","key":"4193_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910213411707","volume":"341","author":"T Sakane","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sakane T, Takeno M, Suzuki N, Inaba G. (1999) Behcet\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med 341(17):1284\u20131291","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4193_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.019","volume":"146","author":"RO Kacmaz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kacmaz RO, Kempen JH, Newcomb C, Gangaputra S, Daniel E, Levy-Clarke GA et al (2008) Ocular inflammation in Behcet disease: incidence of ocular complications and of loss of visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 146(6):828\u2013836","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4193_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.05.008","author":"P Leccese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leccese P, Ozguler Y, Christensen R, Esatoglu SN, Bang D, Bodaghi B et al (2018) Management of skin, mucosa and joint involvement of Behcet\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review for update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Behcet\u2019s syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.05.008","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"4193_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213225","volume":"77","author":"G Hatemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hatemi G, Christensen R, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Celik AF, Fortune F et al (2018) 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Behcet\u2019s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 77(6):808\u2013818","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4193_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021227019915","volume":"105","author":"PC Ozdal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozdal PC, Ortac S, Taskintuna I, Firat E (2002) Long-term therapy with low dose cyclosporin A in ocular Behcet\u2019s disease. Doc Ophthalmol 105(3):301\u2013312","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4193_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002013220501","volume":"322","author":"H Yazici","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, Tuzun Y, Ozyazgan Y, Silman A et al (1990) A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcet\u2019s syndrome. N Engl J Med 322(5):281\u2013285","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4193_CR9","first-page":"20","volume":"17","author":"P Pivetti Pezzi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pivetti Pezzi P, Gasparri V, De Liso P, Catarinelli G. Prognosis in Behcet\u2019s disease. Ann Ophthalmol. 1985;17(1):20\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4193_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.19819","volume":"30","author":"VG Kaklamani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaklamani VG, Kaklamanis PG (2001) Treatment of Behcet\u2019s disease\u2013an update. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30(5):299\u2013312","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"4193_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21231","volume":"52","author":"I Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tugal-Tutkun I, Mudun A, Urgancioglu M, Kamali S, Kasapoglu E, Inanc M et al (2005) Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of uveitis that is resistant to treatment with the combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids in Behcet\u2019s disease: an open-label trial. Arthritis Rheum 52(8):2478\u20132484","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"4193_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu266","volume":"53","author":"V Calvo-Rio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calvo-Rio V, Blanco R, Beltran E, Sanchez-Burson J, Mesquida M, Adan A et al (2014) Anti-TNF-alpha therapy in patients with refractory uveitis due to Behcet\u2019s disease: a 1-year follow-up study of 124 patients. Rheumatology 53(12):2223\u20132231","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4193_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.018","volume":"119","author":"M Diaz-Llopis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diaz-Llopis M, Salom D, Garcia-de-Vicuna C, Cordero-Coma M, Ortega G, Ortego N et al (2012) Treatment of refractory uveitis with adalimumab: a prospective multicenter study of 131 patients. Ophthalmology 119(8):1575\u20131581","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"4193_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem101","volume":"46","author":"L Niccoli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Niccoli L, Nannini C, Benucci M, Chindamo D, Cassara E, Salvarani C et al (2007) Long-term efficacy of infliximab in refractory posterior uveitis of Behcet\u2019s disease: a 24-month follow-up study. Rheumatology 46(7):1161\u20131164","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"4193_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107421","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/107421","volume":"2014","author":"F Caso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caso F, Costa L, Rigante D, Lucherini OM, Caso P, Bascherini V et al (2014) Biological treatments in Behcet\u2019s disease: beyond anti-TNF therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2014:107421","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"4193_CR16","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2018). Pages accessed at The U.S. National Institutes of Health at https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ . Accessed Aug 2018"},{"key":"4193_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. http:\/\/www.who.int\/ictrp\/search\/en\/ . Accessed Aug 2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"4193_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204317","volume":"73","author":"JS Smolen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smolen JS, van der Heijde D, Machold KP, Aletaha D, Landewe R (2014) Proposal for a new nomenclature of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 73(1):3\u20135","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4193_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.158840","volume":"94","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Sugita S, Tanaka H, Kamoi K, Kawaguchi T, Mochizuki M (2010) Comparison of infliximab versus ciclosporin during the initial 6-month treatment period in Behcet disease. Br J Ophthalmol 94(3):284\u2013288","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4193_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.010","volume":"146","author":"KF Tabbara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tabbara KF, Al-Hemidan AI. Infliximab effects compared to conventional therapy in the management of retinal vasculitis in Behcet disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(6):845e1\u201350e1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4193_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1133835","volume":"25","author":"M Hasanreisoglu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasanreisoglu M, Cubuk MO, Ozdek S, Gurelik G, Aktas Z, Hasanreisoglu B (2017) Interferon alpha-2a therapy in patients with refractory Behcet uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 25(1):71\u201375.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"4193_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509852","volume":"375","author":"GJ Jaffe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaffe GJ, Dick AD, Brezin AP, Nguyen QD, Thorne JE, Kestelyn P et al (2016) Adalimumab in Patients with Active Noninfectious Uveitis. N Engl J Med 375(10):932\u2013943","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10050","key":"4193_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31339-3","volume":"388","author":"QD Nguyen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nguyen QD, Merrill PT, Jaffe GJ, Dick AD, Kurup SK, Sheppard J et al (2016) Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 388(10050):1183\u20131192","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"4193_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.09.040","volume":"120","author":"AD Dick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dick AD, Tugal-Tutkun I, Foster S, Zierhut M, Melissa Liew SH, Bezlyak V et al (2013) Secukinumab in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis: results of three randomized, controlled clinical trials. Ophthalmology 120(4):777\u2013787","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4193_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940701299370","volume":"15","author":"RR Buggage","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buggage RR, Levy-Clarke G, Sen HN, Ursea R, Srivastava SK, Suhler EB et al (2007) A double-masked, randomized study to investigate the safety and efficacy of daclizumab to treat the ocular complications related to Behcet\u2019s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 15(2):63\u201370","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"4193_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205571","volume":"74","author":"S Lightman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lightman S, Taylor SR, Bunce C, Longhurst H, Lynn W, Moots R et al (2015) Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b reduces corticosteroid requirement in patients with Behcet\u2019s disease with upregulation of circulating regulatory T cells and reduction of Th17. Ann Rheum Dis 74(6):1138\u20131144","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4193_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2010.01546.x","volume":"13","author":"F Davatchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davatchi F, Shams H, Rezaipoor M, Sadeghi-Abdollahi B, Shahram F, Nadji A et al (2010) Rituximab in intractable ocular lesions of Behcet\u2019s disease; randomized single-blind control study (pilot study). Int J Rheum Dis 13(3):246\u2013252","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4193_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.723107","volume":"21","author":"M Cordero-Coma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cordero-Coma M, Yilmaz T, Onal S (2013) Systematic review of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy for treatment of immune-mediated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 21(1):19\u201327.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"7","key":"4193_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.022","volume":"117","author":"G Sobaci","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sobaci G, Erdem U, Durukan AH, Erdurman C, Bayer A, Koksal S et al (2010) Safety and effectiveness of interferon alpha-2a in treatment of patients with Behcet\u2019s uveitis refractory to conventional treatments. Ophthalmology 117(7):1430\u20131435","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4193_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.4.1158","volume":"56","author":"JY Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park JY, Chung YR, Lee K, Song JH, Lee ES. (2015) Clinical experience of interferon Alfa-2a treatment for refractory uveitis in Behcet\u2019s disease. Yonsei Med J 56(4):1158\u20131162.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-018-4193-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-018-4193-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-018-4193-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:24:45Z","timestamp":1775265885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-018-4193-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-018-4193-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-8172","1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"RB has received grants\/research supports from Abbvie, MSD, and Roche; Consultation fees\/participation in company sponsored speaker\u00b4s bureau from AbbVie, Pfizer, Roche, Bristol-Myers, Janssen, Lilly and MSD. EL has received grants\/research supports from Abbvie, MSD, Roche, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers, MSD, Novartis, Astellas, Sanofi.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}