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Therefore, we decided to investigate the specificity of this group of patients and, in particular, whether haptoglobin (Hp), its polymorphism and zonulin, in addition to other clinical features, are predictors of poor response to biological treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>48 patients with axSpA who were unsuccessfully treated with standard drugs were converted to biological treatment, and from this time on, a 12-week follow-up was started to assess the failure of biological treatment (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) decrease\u2009&lt;\u20092 points). Predictors of treatment failure were identified using logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>21% of subjects had biological treatment failure. Patients who had a higher zonulin level, a history of frequent infections, were older, had inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), had a lower Hp level at the time of inclusion in biological therapy showed an increased risk of treatment failure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of the study support the hypothesis that the effectiveness of biological treatment of axSpA is limited by changed microbiota and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, as an increased risk of biological treatment failure was observed in patients who were older, had higher zonulin\u00a0level, IBD and repeated courses of antibiotics due to frequent infections. Therefore, starting biological treatment should be followed by reducing intestinal permeability and regulating the disturbed gut microbiome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05614-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:17:00Z","timestamp":1715660220000},"page":"1487-1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The failure of biological treatment in axial spondyloarthritis is linked to the factors related to increased intestinal permeability and dysbiosis: prospective observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chmieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2198-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Felis-Giemza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Olesi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4249-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Paradowska-Gorycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0124-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Szukiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"5614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223296","volume":"82","author":"S Ramiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramiro S, Nikiphorou E, Sepriano A et al (2023) ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update. 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