{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:26:02Z","timestamp":1790288762747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Low back pain that lasts longer than three months is called chronic low back pain. Chronic low back pain is among the most common problems in the world, causing severe disability and loss of employment in patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the effect of pulse electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT) added to routine physical therapy on pain and functional status in patients with chronic low back pain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective comparative study included 69 patients with chronic low back pain. The patients were divided into two groups: those who received lumbar transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, infrared, and ultrasound treatments, and those who additionally received PEMFT. The files of patients with chronic low back pain were reviewed, and those who had been evaluated using the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) in terms of functional capacity and effects of low back pain and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain both before and after treatment were included in the study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>No significant difference was detected between the two groups\u2019 pretreatment VAS and QBPDS scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The second-and-third measurement scores of both groups were significantly lower than their first-measurement VAS and QBPDS scores (p \u02c2 0.001), but there was no significant difference between their second- and third-measurement scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). According to the inter-group comparison of the VAS and QBPDS scores, the second and third-measurement scores of the PEMFT group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p \u02c2 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PEMFT seems to be able to alleviate pain intensity and ameliorate disability in patients with chronic low back pain. PEMFT can be considered an effective and safe option that can be added to routine physical therapy modalities for relieving chronic low back pain frequently encountered in clinical practice. Further studies validating the effectiveness of PEMFT could strengthen its position in the management of chronic low back pain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05645-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T02:01:26Z","timestamp":1719280886000},"page":"1535-1541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The positive effect of pulse electromagnetic field therapy on pain and disability in chronic low back pain: a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9033-5095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fah Ya\u015fa","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7070-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015feg\u00fcl","family":"Yeti\u015fir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burhan Fatih","family":"Kocyigit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5645_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24703-7","volume":"12","author":"L Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge L, Pereira MJ, Yap CW, Heng BH (2022) Chronic low back pain and its impact on physical function, mental health, and health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in Singapore. Sci Rep 12:20040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24703-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5645_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05543-2","author":"GS Alves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alves GS, Vera GEZ, Maher CG, Ferreira GE, Machado GC, Buchbinder R, Pinto RZ, Oliveira CB (2024) Clinical care standards for the management of low back pain: a scoping review. Rheumatol Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05543-2","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"5645_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.01.004","volume":"25","author":"DI Rubin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rubin DI (2007) Epidemiology and risk factors for Spine Pain. Neurol Clin 25:353\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.01.004","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"5645_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04430-5","volume":"39","author":"GK Beyera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beyera GK, O\u2019Brien J, Campbell S (2019) Health-Care utilisation for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies. Rheumatol Int 39:1663\u20131679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-019-04430-5","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"5645_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","volume":"64","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Vos T, Buchbinder R (2012) A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 64:2028\u20132037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.34347","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5645_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000154215.08986.06","volume":"17","author":"NJ Manek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manek NJ, Mac Gregor AJ (2005) Epidemiology of back disorders: prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 17:134\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.bor.0000154215.08986.06","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"5645_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.133","volume":"9","author":"D Borenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borenstein D (2013) Mechanical low back pain a rheumatologist\u2019s view. Nat Rev Rheumatol 9:643\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.133","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"5645_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00733-9","volume":"398","author":"NN Knezevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Zundert J, Cohen SP (2021) Low back pain. Lancet 398:78\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00733-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5645_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s231778","volume":"13","author":"T Paolucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paolucci T, Pezzi L, Centra AM, Giannandrea N, Bellomo RG, Saggini R (2020) Electromagnetic field therapy: a rehabilitative perspective in the management of Musculoskeletal Pain - A systematic review. J Pain Res 13:1385\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jpr.s231778","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"5645_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.9.7601344","volume":"9","author":"FS Prato","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prato FS, Carson JJ, Ossenkopp KP, Kavaliers M (1995) Possible mechanisms by which extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect opioid function. FASEB J 9:807\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.9.9.7601344","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"5645_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2941-7","volume":"34","author":"Y Turan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turan Y, Bayraktar K, Kahvecioglu F, Tastaban E, Aydin E, Kurt Omurlu I, Berkit IK (2014) Is magnetotherapy applied to bilateral hips effective in ankylosing spondylitis patients? A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Rheumatol Int 34:357\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-013-2941-7","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"5645_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2023.94","volume":"26","author":"GY \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk GY, Yeti\u015fir A (2023) Efficacy of extracorporeal shock Wave and Pulse Electromagnetic Field therapies in Calcaneal Spurs. Arch Iran Med 26:642\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/aim.2023.94","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"5645_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbj.2016.09.001","volume":"1","author":"R Andrade","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrade R, Duarte H, Pereira R, Lopes I, Pereira H, Rocha R, Espregueira-Mendes J (2016) Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effectiveness in low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Porto Biomed J 1:156\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbj.2016.09.001","journal-title":"Porto Biomed J"},{"key":"5645_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-023-01025-5","author":"P Kull","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kull P, Keilani M, Remer F, Crevenna R (2023) Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on pain and physical function in patients with nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Wien Med Wochenschr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10354-023-01025-5","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"5645_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1901-65","volume":"49","author":"E Hattapo\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hattapo\u011flu E, Batmaz \u0130, Dilek B, Karako\u00e7 M, Em S, \u00c7evik R (2019) Efficiency of pulsed electromagnetic fields on pain, disability, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with cervical disc herniation: a randomized controlled study. Turk J Med Sci 49:1095\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-1901-65","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"5645_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5336\/biostatic.2018-62787","volume":"10","author":"AK Arslan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arslan AK, Yasar S, Colak C, Yologlu S (2018) WSSPAS: an interactive web application for Sample Size and Power Analysis with R using Shiny. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat 10:224\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5336\/biostatic.2018-62787","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat"},{"key":"5645_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.10.004","volume":"29","author":"BR da Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"da Costa BR, Saadat P, Basciani R, Agarwal A, Johnston BC, J\u00fcni P (2021) Visual Analogue Scale has higher assay sensitivity than WOMAC pain in detecting between-group differences in treatment effects: a meta-epidemiological study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 29:304\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2020.10.004","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"5645_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E219","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181971e2d","volume":"34","author":"MA Melikoglu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melikoglu MA, Kocabas H, Sezer I, Bilgilisoy M, Tuncer T (2009) Validation of the Turkish version of the Quebec back pain disability scale for patients with low back pain. Spine 34:E219\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181971e2d","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"5645_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","volume":"141","author":"C Fritz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz C, Morris PE, Richler JJ (2012) Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen 141:2\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024338","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"5645_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0757-1","volume":"23","author":"I Urits","year":"2019","unstructured":"Urits I, Burshtein A, Sharma M, Testa L, Gold PA, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Jones MR, Sidransky MA, Spektor B, Kaye AD (2019) Low back Pain, a Comprehensive Review: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep 23:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-019-0757-1","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"5645_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19514","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000019514","volume":"99","author":"SK Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim SK, Min A, Jeon C, Kim T, Cho S, Lee SC, Lee CK (2020) Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of massage chair therapy versus basic physiotherapy in lower back pain patients: a randomized controlled trial. Med (Baltim) 99:e19514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000019514","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"5645_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2022.8905","volume":"68","author":"\u00d6 K\u0131z\u0131lta\u015f","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u0131z\u0131lta\u015f \u00d6, Ok\u00e7u M, Tuncay F, Ko\u00e7ak FA (2022) Comparison of the effectiveness of conventional physical therapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy on pain, disability, functional status, and depression in patients with chronic low back pain. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 68:399\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5606\/tftrd.2022.8905","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"5645_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2018.08.004","volume":"23","author":"AM Elshiwi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elshiwi AM, Hamada HA, Mosaad D, Ragab IMA, Koura GM, Alrawaili SM (2019) Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on nonspecific low back pain patients: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 23:244\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjpt.2018.08.004","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"5645_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0119-z","volume":"8","author":"AJ Lisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lisi AJ, Scheinowitz M, Saporito R, Onorato A (2019) A pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy device for nonspecific low back Pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pain Ther 8:133\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-019-0119-z","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"5645_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081781","volume":"10","author":"C de Teresa","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Teresa C, Varela-L\u00f3pez A, Rios-\u00c1lvarez S, G\u00e1lvez R, Maire C, Gracia-Villar S, Battino M, Quiles JL (2021) Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of a Bioelectronic device in non-specific chronic low back Pain with Neuropathic Component. A Randomized Trial. J Clin Med 10:1781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10081781","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"5645_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155221074052","volume":"36","author":"X Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun X, Huang L, Wang L, Fu C, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Pei G, Wang Y, He C, Wei Q (2022) Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field on pain and physical function in patients with low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 36:636\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02692155221074052","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"5645_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2020.4975","volume":"39","author":"WK Abdelbasset","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelbasset WK, Nambi G, Elsayed SH, Soliman GS, Alessi AA, Alsalem IN, Alwadai SM (2021) A prospective comparative study of Pulsed High-Intensity Laser Therapy and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Chronic nonspecific low back Pain. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 39:362\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/photob.2020.4975","journal-title":"Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"5645_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2019.0043","volume":"14","author":"KA Alzayed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alzayed KA, Alsaadi SM (2020) Efficacy of pulsed low-frequency magnetic field therapy on patients with chronic low back Pain: a Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Asian Spine J 14:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2019.0043","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05645-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05645-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05645-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T02:05:29Z","timestamp":1720058729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05645-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05645-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have declared no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}}]}}