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NPSLE involvement was defined as NP BILAG A\/B\/C\/D (n = 272); NP BILAG E denoted non-neuropsychiatric SLE (n\u00a0=\u00a03273). We employed multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The median (IQR) and mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD SDI scores were 0 (0\u20131) and 0.62 \u00b1 1.09. Compared with the non-neuropsychiatric SLE group, NPSLE patients were more likely to develop damage (adjusted (a)OR = 2.86; 95% CI = 2.28\u20133.59). This held true also after suppression of the NP SDI items (aOR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.36\u20132.12). Beyond the neuropsychiatric domain, NPSLE was associated with damage in the cardiovascular (aOR = 2.63; 95% CI = 1.75\u20133.95), musculoskeletal (aOR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.43\u20132.52), and skin (aOR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.06\u20132.22) SDI domains. Dissecting domains into items, NPSLE was associated with coronary artery disease (aOR = 3.08; 95% CI = 1.44\u20136.58), myocardial infraction (aOR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.54\u20136.27), muscle atrophy (aOR = 3.34; 2.16\u20135.16), scarring alopecia (aOR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.19\u20132.70), bowel infarction (aOR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.20\u20133.26), retinopathy (aOR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.15\u20134.32), and premature gonadal failure (aOR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.11\u20133.90).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The intricate association between NPSLE and damage accrual extends beyond the nervous system to also comprise the musculoskeletal, skin, and cardiovascular organ systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05667-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1723096981000},"page":"1679-1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus contributes to organ damage beyond the nervous system: a post-hoc analysis of 5 phase III randomized clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00424476","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00410384","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01484496","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01345253","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01632241","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionysis","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nursen","family":"Cetrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius","family":"Lindblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Parodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320908932","volume":"29","author":"D Nikolopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikolopoulos D, Kostopoulou M, Pieta A, Karageorgas T, Tseronis D, Chavatza K et al (2020) Evolving phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus in Caucasians: low incidence of lupus nephritis, high burden of neuropsychiatric disease and increased rates of late-onset lupus in the \u2018Attikon\u2019cohort. 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The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this work.\u00a0The funders had no role in the design of the study, the analyses or interpretation of data, or the writing of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to their enrolment, written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. The study protocols for BLISS-52, BLISS-76, BLISS-SC, BLISS-NEA and EMBRACE were approved by regional ethics review boards for all participating centres, and the protocol for the present study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority under the reference number 2019\u201305498.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The trials of belimumab, including BLISS-52, BLISS-76, BLISS-SC, BLISS-NEA, and EMBRACE, were registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the following identifiers: NCT00424476, NCT00410384, NCT01484496, NCT01345253, and NCT01632241, respectively.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial registration"}}]}}