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BI was defined as COVID-19 infection occurring in individuals vaccinated with\u2009\u2265\u20092 doses (or 1 dose of J&amp;J)\u2009\u2265\u200914\u00a0days after vaccination and not after 6\u00a0months since the last vaccine dose. Data were analysed using linear and logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 91\/852 (10.7%) SLE patients reported at least one BI. The frequency of BIs in SLE patients was comparable to that among HCs (277\/2671; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.847) and patients with nrAID (39\/414; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.552) but higher than that among patients with other rAIDs (235\/3098; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). No demographic factors or treatments were associated with BIs in SLE patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.05 for all). Joint pain was more frequent in SLE patients than in HCs (odds ratio [OR]: 3.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89\u20136.04; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) or nrAID patients (OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.04\u20135.75; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041). Patient with SLE did not report a higher frequency of hospitalisation or need for advanced treatment for COVID-19 infection compared with disease controls and HCs, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination conferred similar protection against COVID-19 infection in terms of frequency and severity in patients with SLE to that reported by healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05682-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T18:02:24Z","timestamp":1723572144000},"page":"1923-1933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Disease (COVAD) 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