{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:07:34Z","timestamp":1788314854486,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005187","name":"University of Athens","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Increasing evidence has shown the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). This systematic literature review aims to evaluate the role of sEVs as biomarkers in ARDs, focusing on their molecular cargo and their utility for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment response. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE\/PubMed and Scopus from inception until July 2025, using the search terms; [(small extracellular vesicles) or exosomes) and ((rheumatic disease) or (rheumatoid arthritis) or (psoriatic arthritis) or (axial spondylarthritis) or (ankylosing spondylitis) or (systemic lupus erythematosus) or (Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome) or scleroderma or (systemic sclerosis) or myositis or polymyositis)]. Eligible studies were those reporting on sEV isolation from patient samples and comparing it with healthy individuals or controls with non-inflammatory conditions. The initial search yielded 1593 results, and 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. Literature reviews revealed that miRNAs and long non-coding (lnc)RNAs isolated from sEVs might serve as potential biomarkers for disease activity and treatment response in ARDs, mainly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, sEV miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a have been often described in studies in SLE patients, indicating their potential role in differentiating SLE from healthy individuals. Although proteomic studies identified disease-specific proteins within sEVs, there is no consensus among the limited studies reporting sEV proteins. Although numerous studies have examined the role of sEVs in ARDs, there is a lack of consensus in the findings. Further research using well-standardized methodologies is needed to ensure reliable and reproducible results. <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>PROSPERO 2025 CRD420250646438. Available from <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420250646438\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420250646438<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-025-05953-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T11:24:40Z","timestamp":1756725880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Small extracellular vesicle cargo as biomarkers in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7198-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail K.","family":"Chatzopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4932-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George E.","family":"Fragoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Samiotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2238-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Tektonidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros P.","family":"Sfikakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3994-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni-Kyriaki","family":"Vetsika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/S41584-021-00652-9","volume":"17","author":"Z Szekanecz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szekanecz Z, McInnes IB, Schett G et al (2021) Autoinflammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 17:585\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41584-021-00652-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"5953_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2017.09.005","volume":"31","author":"CG Parks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parks CG, de Souza Espindola Santos A, Barbhaiya M, Costenbader KH (2017) Understanding the role of environmental factors in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 31:306\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2017.09.005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"5953_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1007\/S10067-021-05774-9","volume":"40","author":"CG Gialouri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gialouri CG, Fragoulis GE (2021) Disease activity indices in psoriatic arthritis: current and evolving concepts. Clin Rheumatol 40:4427\u20134435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10067-021-05774-9","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"5953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.04.003","volume":"405","author":"RC Paolicelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paolicelli RC, Bergamini G, Rajendran L (2019) Cell-to-cell communication by extracellular vesicles: focus on microglia. Neuroscience 405:148\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.04.003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"5953_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Welsh JA, Goberdhan DCI, O\u2019Driscoll L et al (2024) Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): from basic to advanced approaches. J Extracell Vesicles 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JEV2.12404","DOI":"10.1002\/JEV2.12404"},{"key":"5953_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2020.575712","author":"B Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang B, Zhao M, Lu Q (2021) Extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: functions and applications. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2020.575712","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1002\/ART.22276","volume":"54","author":"K Skriner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skriner K, Adolph K, Jungblut PR, Burmester GR (2006) Association of citrullinated proteins with synovial exosomes. Arthritis Rheum 54:3809\u20133814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ART.22276","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5953_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CANLET.2022.215809","author":"Q Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song Q, Yu H, Han J et al (2022) Exosomes in urological diseases - biological functions and clinical applications. Cancer Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CANLET.2022.215809","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"5953_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.N71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJ.N71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5953_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/S10238-013-0271-4","volume":"15","author":"J Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song J, Kim D, Han J et al (2015) PBMC and exosome-derived HOTAIR is a critical regulator and potent marker for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Med 15:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10238-013-0271-4","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"5953_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419683","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2024.1419683","volume":"15","author":"H Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu H, Chen Q, Wang S et al (2024) Serum exosomes lncrnas: TCONS_I2_00013502 and ENST00000363624 are new diagnostic markers for rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 15:1419683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2024.1419683","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shuai ZQ, Wang ZX, Ren J, Le et al (2024) Differential expressions and potential clinical values of LncRNAs in the plasma exosomes of rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2024.111511","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2024.111511"},{"key":"5953_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100441","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLINSP.2024.100441","volume":"79","author":"J Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu J, Wu J, Zhang X et al (2024) Characterization of the MicroRNA profile in rheumatoid arthritis plasma exosomes and their roles in B-cell responses. Clinics 79:100441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CLINSP.2024.100441","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"5953_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2024.111604","author":"J Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong J, Zhang X, Khan A et al (2024) Identification of serum exosomal miRNA biomarkers for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2024.111604","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"5953_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.21873\/INVIVO.12124","volume":"34","author":"MK Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim MK, Yoo J, Sheen DH et al (2020) Serum Exosomal miRNA-1915-3p ?s correlated with disease activity of Korean rheumatoid arthritis. Vivo (Brooklyn) 34:2941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/INVIVO.12124","journal-title":"Vivo (Brooklyn)"},{"key":"5953_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0289301","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0289301","volume":"18","author":"MZ Hussain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain MZ, Haris MS, Rizwan M et al (2023) Deregulation of exosomal miRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. PLoS One 18:e0289301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0289301","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5953_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/S12276-022-00751-X","volume":"54","author":"LF Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu LF, Zhang Q, Mo XB et al (2022) Identification of novel rheumatoid arthritis-associated MiRNA-204-5p from plasma exosomes. Exp Mol Med 54:334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S12276-022-00751-X","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"5953_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13075-023-03174-9","volume":"25","author":"L Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue L, Wang B, Li X et al (2023) Comprehensive analysis of serum exosome-derived LncRNAs and mRNAs from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 25:201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13075-023-03174-9","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"5953_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIB14010010","volume":"14","author":"MA Alghamdi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alghamdi MA, Bahlas SM, Alamry SA et al (2025) Exploring anticitrullinated antibodies (ACPAs) and serum-derived exosomes cargoes. Antibodies (Basel) 14:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANTIB14010010","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"5953_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1007\/S10238-023-01024-1","volume":"23","author":"A Rydland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rydland A, Heinicke F, Fl\u00e5m ST et al (2023) Small extracellular vesicles have distinct CD81 and CD9 tetraspanin expression profiles in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Med 23:2867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10238-023-01024-1","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"5953_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2022.800902","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Liu Y, Huang Q et al (2022) TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis of synovial fluid-derived exosomes in inflammatory arthritis. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2022.800902","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin Q, Song R, Du P et al (2021) Systemic Proteomic Analysis Reveals Distinct Exosomal Protein Profiles in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9421720","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9421720"},{"key":"5953_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-018-0041-8","author":"H Tsuno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsuno H, Arito M, Suematsu N et al (2018) A proteomic analysis of serum-derived exosomes in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Rheumatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41927-018-0041-8","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"5953_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/S13075-017-1334-9","volume":"19","author":"J Yoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoo J, Lee SK, Lim M et al (2017) Exosomal amyloid A and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1 proteins are associated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 19:119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13075-017-1334-9","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"5953_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES13061283","volume":"13","author":"CM Brenis G\u00f3mez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brenis G\u00f3mez CM, Plasencia-Rodr\u00edguez C, Novella-Navarro M et al (2025) Exosomal protein biomarkers in arthritis: deciphering the inflammatory profiles of RA and OA. Biomedicines 13:1283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES13061283","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"5953_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1186\/S12951-024-03063-6","volume":"22","author":"J Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji J, He Q, Xia Y et al (2024) Circulating plasma derived exosomes from systemic lupus erythematosus aggravate lupus nephritis through miR-122-5p\/FOXO3-mediated macrophage activation. J Nanobiotechnol 22:779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12951-024-03063-6","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"5953_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peng X, chen, Ma L, li, Miao Jyu et al (2024) Differential LncRNA profiles of blood plasma-derived exosomes from systemic lupus erythematosus. Gene 927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.GENE.2024.148713","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GENE.2024.148713"},{"key":"5953_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/LUPUS-2023-001078","volume":"11","author":"P Somparn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Somparn P, Srichaimongkol A, Jungjing S et al (2024) Potential involvement of circulating exosomal miRNA-146a in disease activity and TRAF6 gene expression in juvenile proliferative lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med 11:e001078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/LUPUS-2023-001078","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"5953_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1528","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1528","volume":"75","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li W, Liu S, Chen Y et al (2020) Circulating exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinics 75:e1528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1528","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"5953_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6071308","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6071308","volume":"2019","author":"C Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong C, Zhou Q, Fu T et al (2019) Circulating exosomes Derived-miR-146a from systemic lupus erythematosus patients regulates senescence of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomed Res Int 2019:6071308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/6071308","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"5953_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0138618","author":"J Perez-Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perez-Hernandez J, Forner MJ, Pinto C et al (2015) Increased urinary exosomal micrornas in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0138618","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5953_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/S40620-020-00832-Y","volume":"34","author":"J Perez-Hernandez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perez-Hernandez J, Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A et al (2021) Urinary exosomal miR-146a as a marker of albuminuria, activity changes and disease flares in lupus nephritis. J Nephrol 34:1157\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40620-020-00832-Y","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"5953_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630112","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2021.630112","volume":"12","author":"L Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan L, Zhao M, Wu H et al (2021) Downregulated serum exosomal miR-451a expression correlates with renal damage and its intercellular communication role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 12:630112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2021.630112","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CTM2.1677","volume":"14","author":"P Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang P, Sun Y, Wang C et al (2024) Serum exosomal TsRNA biomarkers: a novel strategy for identifying lupus nephritis. Clin Transl Med 14:e1677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CTM2.1677","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"5953_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077645","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1077645\/FULL","volume":"14","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhang X, Meng K et al (2023) Urinary exosome TsRNAs as novel markers for diagnosis and prediction of lupus nephritis. Front Immunol 14:1077645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1077645\/FULL","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326836","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1326836\/FULL","volume":"14","author":"F Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen F, Shi B, Liu W et al (2023) Circulating Exosomal MicroRNAs as biomarkers of lupus nephritis. Front Immunol 14:1326836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1326836\/FULL","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS21041372","volume":"21","author":"E Garcia-vives","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-vives E, Sol\u00e9 C, Molin\u00e9 T et al (2020) The urinary exosomal miRNA expression profile is predictive of clinical response in lupus nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 21:1372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS21041372","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5953_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CELLS8080773","volume":"8","author":"C Sol\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sol\u00e9 C, Molin\u00e9 T, Vidal M et al (2019) An exosomal urinary miRNA signature for early diagnosis of renal fibrosis in lupus nephritis. Cells 8:773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CELLS8080773","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"5953_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3390\/JPM12091483\/S1","volume":"12","author":"K Yamashiro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamashiro K, Hamada T, Mori K et al (2022) Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs from mouthrinse have the potential to be novel biomarkers for Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. J Pers Med 12:1483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JPM12091483\/S1","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"5953_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/S00109-023-02361-0","volume":"101","author":"X Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng X, Hou L, Wu X et al (2023) The plasma exosomes from patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome contain epithelial cell\u2013derived proteins involved in ferroptosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 101:1289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00109-023-02361-0","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"5953_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1093\/RHEUMATOLOGY\/KEAB753","volume":"61","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li L, Zuo X, Liu D et al (2022) Plasma exosomal RNAs have potential as both clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets of dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 61:2672\u20132681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/RHEUMATOLOGY\/KEAB753","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"5953_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6676107","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6676107","volume":"2021","author":"D Zhong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhong D, Wu C, Xu D et al (2021) Plasma-Derived Exosomal hsa-miR-4488 and hsa-miR-1228-5p: novel biomarkers for Dermatomyositis-Associated interstitial lung disease with Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5 Antibody-Positive subset. Biomed Res Int 2021:6676107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6676107","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"5953_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JPROTEOME.2C00532\/SUPPL_FILE\/PR2C00532_SI_001.XLSX","volume":"22","author":"S Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng S, Wang T, Zhao Q et al (2023) Proteomics analysis of Plasma-Derived exosomes unveils the aberrant complement and coagulation cascades in dermatomyositis\/polymyositis. J Proteome Res 22:123\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.JPROTEOME.2C00532\/SUPPL_FILE\/PR2C00532_SI_001.XLSX","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"5953_CR44","first-page":"21","volume":"35","author":"PJ Wermuth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wermuth PJ, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA (2017) Exosomes isolated from serum of systemic sclerosis patients display alterations in their content of profibrotic and antifibrotic microRNA and induce a profibrotic phenotype in cultured normal dermal fibroblasts. Clin Exp Rheumatol 35:21","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"5953_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6548","DOI":"10.7150\/THNO.74305","volume":"12","author":"Y Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia Y, Yu L, Ma T et al (2022) Small extracellular vesicles isolation and separation: current techniques, pending questions and clinical applications. Theranostics 12:6548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/THNO.74305","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"5953_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GENDIS.2022.08.011","volume":"10","author":"K Prajzlerov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prajzlerov\u00e1 K, \u0160enolt L, Filkov\u00e1 M (2022) Is there a potential of Circulating MiRNAs as biomarkers in rheumatic diseases? Genes Dis 10:1263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.GENDIS.2022.08.011","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"5953_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13338","volume":"21","author":"SC Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae SC, Lee YH (2018) Mir-146a levels in rheumatoid arthritis and their correlation with disease activity: a meta-analysis. Int J Rheum Dis 21:1335\u20131342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185X.13338","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"5953_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tangtanatakul P, Klinchanhom S, Sodsai P et al Allergy and immunology Down-regulation of let-7a and miR-21 in urine exosomes from lupus nephritis patients during disease flare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12932\/AP-130318-0280","DOI":"10.12932\/AP-130318-0280"},{"key":"5953_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S413994","volume":"16","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang X, Wang Z, Zhang M, Shuai Z (2023) Differential expression profiles of plasma exosomal MicroRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis. J Inflamm Res 16:3687\u20133698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S413994","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"5953_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2023.110286","volume":"120","author":"Y Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu Y, Park S, Lee H et al (2023) Exosomal hsa-miR-335-5p and hsa-miR-483-5p are novel biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis: a development and validation study. Int Immunopharmacol 120:110286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INTIMP.2023.110286","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"5953_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790880","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2021.790880\/FULL","volume":"12","author":"S Rodr\u00edguez-Muguruza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Muguruza S, Altuna-Coy A, Castro-Oreiro S et al (2021) A serum biomarker panel of exomiR-451a, exomiR-25-3p and soluble TWEAK for early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 12:790880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2021.790880\/FULL","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5953_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1159\/000494793","volume":"50","author":"L Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang C, Jia X, Yu J (2018) Circulating exosomal miR-17 inhibits the induction of regulatory T cells via suppressing TGFBR II expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Physiol Biochem 50:1754\u20131763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494793","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"5953_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7088","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS24087088\/S1","volume":"24","author":"A Flores-Chova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flores-Chova A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Riffo-Campos AL et al (2023) Plasma Exosomal Non-Coding RNA profile associated with renal damage reveals potential therapeutic targets in lupus nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 24:7088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS24087088\/S1","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5953_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13345","author":"W Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song W, Li C, Qiu J et al (2023) Differential expression of exosomal miRNAs and proteins in the plasma of systemic lupus erythematous patients. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13345","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5953_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1093\/NDT\/GFV128","volume":"30","author":"C Sole","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sole C, Cortes-Hernandez J, Felip ML et al (2015) MIR-29c in urinary exosomes as predictor of early renal fibrosis in lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 30:1488\u20131496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NDT\/GFV128","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"5953_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400276","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00276-2024","volume":"65","author":"J Guiot","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guiot J, Andr\u00e9 B, Potjewijd J et al (2025) Association of fibrotic-related extracellular vesicle microRNAs with lung involvement in systemic sclerosis. Eur Respir J 65:2400276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00276-2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05953-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05953-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05953-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:14:49Z","timestamp":1760523289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05953-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05953-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No part of this review has been copied or published elsewhere in whole or in part.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"AI was not used in manuscript preparation; no editing services were used.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"AI declaration"}}],"article-number":"211"}}