{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T18:18:59Z","timestamp":1761848339532,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-025-05969-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T06:11:08Z","timestamp":1757657468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lingual necrosis in giant-cell arteritis: a case-based review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7388-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Cabaleiro-Ra\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4840-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Reguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8108-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelin Cecilia","family":"Cervantes P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Romar de las Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2627-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Santos-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"\u00c1lvarez \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Romero-Yuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e397","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00300-4","volume":"6","author":"KSM van der Geest","year":"2024","unstructured":"van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Bley TA, Stone JR, Slart RHJA, Brouwer E (2024) Large vessel giant cell arteritis. Lancet Rheumatol 6(6):e397\u2013e408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00300-4","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00024-9","volume":"6","author":"P Bosch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bosch P, Espigol-Frigol\u00e9 G, Cid MC, Mollan SP, Schmidt WA (2024) Cranial involvement in giant cell arteritis. Lancet Rheumatol 6(6):e384\u2013e396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00024-9","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.09.013","volume":"48","author":"L Sailler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sailler L, Paricaud K (2019) Complications isch\u00e9miques de l\u2019art\u00e9rite \u00e0 cellules G\u00e9antes [Giant cell arteritis: ischemic complications]. Presse Med 48(9):948\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.09.013","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"5969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2023.152348","volume":"64","author":"F Chehem Daoud Chehem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chehem Daoud Chehem F, de Mornac D, Feuillet F, Liozon E, Samson M, Bonnotte B et al (2024) Giant cell arteritis associated with scalp, tongue or lip necrosis: a French multicenter case control study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 64:152348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2023.152348","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"5969_CR5","first-page":"652","volume":"9","author":"PE Stoebner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stoebner PE, Gaspard C, Meynadier J, Meunier L (1999) Tongue necrosis provoked by ergotamine tartrate and disclosing a giant cell arteritis. Eur J Dermatol 9(8):652\u2013653","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"5969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S284795","volume":"14","author":"D Prieto-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prieto-Pe\u00f1a D, Casta\u00f1eda S, Atienza-Mateo B, Blanco R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay M\u00c1 (2021) A review of the dermatological complications of giant cell arteritis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 14:303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CCID.S284795","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613849","volume":"377","author":"JH Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, Klearman M, Aringer M, Blockmans D et al (2017) Trial of Tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 377(4):317\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1613849","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5969_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benlidayi IC, Gupta L (2024) Case-Based Review Standards (CABARET): considerations for authors, reviewers, and editors. J Korean Med Sci 39(30):e225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e225. PMID: 39106889","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e225"},{"issue":"8","key":"5969_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330803","volume":"33","author":"DA Bloch","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bloch DA, Michel BA, Hunder GG, McShane DJ, Arend WP, Calabrese LH et al (1990) The American college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Patients and methods. Arthritis Rheum 33(8):1068\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.1780330803","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"5969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42325","volume":"74","author":"C Ponte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, Suppiah R, Gribbons KB, Judge A et al (2022) 2022 American college of rheumatology\/eular classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 74(12):1881\u20131889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.42325","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"5969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.04.026","volume":"89","author":"DS Riley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riley DS, Barber MS, Kienle GS, Aronson JK, von Schoen-Angerer T, Tugwell P et al (2017) CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. J Clin Epidemiol 89:218\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.04.026","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526.30.3.222","volume":"30","author":"A Cikes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cikes A, Depairon M, Jolidon RM, Wyss P, Lang HJ (2001) Necrosis of the tongue and unilateral blindness in Temporal arteritis. Vasa 30(3):222\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0301-1526.30.3.222","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"issue":"22","key":"5969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.22.299","volume":"287","author":"DB Hellmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hellmann DB (2002) Temporal arteritis: a cough, toothache, and tongue infarction. JAMA 287(22):2996\u20133000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.22.299","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04705.x","volume":"177","author":"EA Tweddle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tweddle EA, Gilligan AK, Fogarty PW (2002) Lingual arteritis in an elderly woman. Med J Aust 177(3):156\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04705.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"1","key":"5969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-6519(03)78386-1","volume":"54","author":"E Monerris Garc\u00eda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monerris Garc\u00eda E, Polo Tom\u00e1s I, Ortega Pastor E, Fern\u00e1ndez P\u00e9rez AJ (2003) Necrosis lingual Como inicio de La arteritis Temporal [Tongue necrosis as onset of Temporal arteritis]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 54(1):74\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0001-6519(03)78386-1","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp"},{"issue":"6","key":"5969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2004.06.004","volume":"25","author":"MO Biebl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Biebl MO, Hugl B, Posch L, Tzankov A, Weber F, Perkmann R, Fraedrich G (2004) Subtotal tongue necrosis in delayed diagnosed giant-cell arteritis: a case report. Am J Otolaryngol 25(6):438\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjoto.2004.06.004","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06161.x","volume":"151","author":"G Obermoser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Obermoser G, Posch L, Zelger B (2004) Spitting out the tongue. Br J Dermatol 151(3):721\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06161.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11 Pt 1","key":"5969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9638(05)79512-0","volume":"132","author":"C Pajot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pajot C, Bara C, Maillard H, C\u00e9l\u00e9rier P (2005) Glossite atypique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 132(11 Pt 1):901\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0151-9638(05)79512-0","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"5969_CR19","first-page":"118","volume":"17","author":"SP Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee SP, See TT, Tsai CC (2006) Giant cell (temporal) arteritis with lingual necrosis: a case report. J Intern Med Taiwan 17:118\u2013112","journal-title":"J Intern Med Taiwan"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.03.014","volume":"46","author":"M Ciantar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ciantar M, Adlam DM (2008) Glossodynia and necrosis of the tongue caused by giant cell arteritis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46(3):231\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.03.014","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/s1808-8694(15)30135-x","volume":"73","author":"GS Maahs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maahs GS, Fabricio DD (2007) Tongue necrosis in a patient with cranial arteritis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 73(5):717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1808-8694(15)30135-x","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.231","volume":"2","author":"KH Lethert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lethert KH, Jacobson DF (2007) Tongue necrosis from temporal arteritis. J Hosp Med 2(5):335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jhm.231","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00890.x","volume":"47","author":"M Goicochea","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goicochea M, Correale J, Bonamico L, Dominguez R, Bagg E, Famulari A et al (2007) Tongue necrosis in temporal arteritis. Headache 47(8):1213\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00890.x","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"8","key":"5969_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2008.03.027","volume":"46","author":"S Sainuddin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sainuddin S, Saeed NR (2008) Acute bilateral tongue necrosis: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46(8):671\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2008.03.027","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2008.01661.x","volume":"38","author":"AT Zimmermann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zimmermann AT, Brown M (2008) Tongue infarction in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Intern Med J 38(5):374\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2008.01661.x","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"5969_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(09)70543-5","volume":"100","author":"S C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2009","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba S, Mart\u00ednez D, Mart\u00edn L, Borbujo JM (2009) \u00dalcera lingual Como Manifestaci\u00f3n de La arteritis temporal. Actas Dermosifiliogr 100:235\u2013238","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1141-z","volume":"28","author":"M Brodmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brodmann M, Dorr A, Hafner F, Gary T, Pilger E (2009) Tongue necrosis as first symptom of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Rheumatol 28(Suppl 1):S47\u2013S49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-009-1141-z","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR28","first-page":"327","volume":"33","author":"S Olivera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olivera S, Amores B, Torralba MA, P\u00e9rez Calvo JI (2010) Paciente Con complicaci\u00f3n Poco frecuente de arteritis de c\u00e9lulas gigantes. Sist Sanit Navar 33(3):327\u2013330","journal-title":"Sist Sanit Navar"},{"issue":"4","key":"5969_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-0558(10)70040-X","volume":"32","author":"A Valls Onta\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valls Onta\u00f1\u00f3n A, Hueto Madrid JA, Raspall Mart\u00edn G (2010) Necrosis lingual Como Signo principal de arteritis de La temporal. Rev Esp Cir Oral Maxilofac 32(4):180\u2013181","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cir Oral Maxilofac"},{"issue":"1","key":"5969_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.09.001","volume":"111","author":"Y Zadik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zadik Y, Findler M, Maly A, Rushinek H, Czerninski R (2011) A 78-year-old woman with bilateral tongue necrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 111(1):15\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.09.001","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"12","key":"5969_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110780","volume":"38","author":"S Jennings","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jennings S, Singh S (2011) Necrotic tongue: a rare manifestation of giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 38(12):2688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.110780","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5969_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2012007241","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-007241","volume":"2012","author":"AP Kumarasinghe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumarasinghe AP, Hepburn A, Reuther WJ, Pratt C (2012) Temporal arteritis presenting with tongue necrosis. BMJ Case Rep 2012:bcr2012007241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2012-007241","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"5969_CR33","first-page":"E38","volume":"41","author":"TJ Phillips","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phillips TJ, Sader C, Bullock M, Taylor M (2012) Necrotizing vasculitis resulting in necrosis of the entire oral tongue. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 41(4):E38\u2013E40","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1355-z","volume":"32","author":"H Husein-Elahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Husein-Elahmed H, Callejas-Rubio JL, Rios-Fern\u00e1ndez R, Ortego-Centeno N (2012) Tongue infarction as first symptom of temporal arteritis. Rheumatol Int 32(3):799\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-009-1355-z","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR35","first-page":"602","volume":"63","author":"J Gras","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gras J, Mekinian A, Javaud N, Boukari L, Fain O (2013) N\u00e9crose de Langue Au cours de La maladie de horton [Tongue necrosis in giant cell arteritis]. Rev Prat 63(5):602","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"issue":"8","key":"5969_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2013.40.8.669","volume":"40","author":"SW Grant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grant SW, Underhill HC, Atkin P (2013) Giant cell arteritis affecting the tongue: a case report and review of the literature. Dent Update 40(8):669\u2013670 673\u2013674, 677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/denu.2013.40.8.669","journal-title":"Dent Update"},{"issue":"10","key":"5969_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38767","volume":"66","author":"A Lobato-Berezo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lobato-Berezo A, Alcalde-Villar M, Imbern\u00f3n-Moya A, Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez M, Aguilar-Mart\u00ednez A, Collado-Ramos P (2014) Tongue necrosis: an unusual clinical presentation of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 66(10):2803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.38767","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"5969_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4081\/itjm.2014.473","volume":"8","author":"P Leandri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leandri P, Ongari M, Belmonte G, Pasquale A, Mazzetti M, Giannini DD et al (2014) An unusual left temporo-mandibular and tongue pain. Ital J Med 8:196\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/itjm.2014.473","journal-title":"Ital J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5969_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000232","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8785.1000232","volume":"4","author":"A Bobinskas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bobinskas A (2015) Giant cell arteritis presenting with intermittent tongue ischaemia. J Otol Rhinol 4(4):1000232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2324-8785.1000232","journal-title":"J Otol Rhinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5969_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcv099","volume":"108","author":"N Mumoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mumoli N, Cei M, Vitale J, Dentali F (2015) Tongue necrosis in giant-cell arteritis. QJM 108(10):841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcv099","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"5969_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901795","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/901795","volume":"2015","author":"JR Zaragoza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaragoza JR, Vernon N, Ghaffari G (2015) Tongue necrosis as an initial manifestation of giant cell arteritis: case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Rheumatol 2015:901795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/901795","journal-title":"Case Rep Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5969_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.04.029","volume":"129","author":"SJ Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang SJ, Olson NJ, Kieffer KA (2016) A picture\u2019s worth: giant cell arteritis. Am J Med 129(9):943\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.04.029","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"5969_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6327437","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6327437","volume":"2017","author":"RABS Sobrinho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sobrinho RABS, de Lima KCA, Moura HC, Ara\u00fajo MM, de Assis CMRB, Gouveia PADC (2017) Tongue necrosis secondary to giant cell arteritis: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Med 2017:6327437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6327437","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"5969_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1709412","volume":"378","author":"L Truffaut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Truffaut L, Lefebvre P (2018) Tongue necrosis in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 378(26):2517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMicm1709412","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5969_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171321","volume":"45","author":"C Fongaufier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fongaufier C, Guffroy A, Lutz JC (2018) Tongue and scalp necrosis: simultaneous initial complications revealing giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 45(6):873\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.171321","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5969_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117954761985769","DOI":"10.1177\/1179547619857690","volume":"12","author":"LC DeBord","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeBord LC, Chiu I, Liou NE (2019) Delayed diagnosis of giant cell arteritis in the setting of isolated lingual necrosis. Clin Med Insights Case Rep 12:1179547619857690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1179547619857690","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.12.026","volume":"132","author":"G Cockey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cockey G, Shah SR, Hampton T (2019) Giant cell arteritis presenting with a tongue lesion. Am J Med 132(5):576\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.12.026","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5969_CR48","first-page":"509","volume":"79","author":"ML V\u00e1zquez Pianzola","year":"2019","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez Pianzola ML, Banfi W, Laborde A, Garc\u00eda Pellegrino R (2019) Necrosis lingual Como forma de presentaci\u00f3n de arteritis Temporal. Medicine (B Aires) 79(6):509\u2013512","journal-title":"Medicine (B Aires)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5969_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.20986\/recom.2020.1063\/2019","volume":"42","author":"A Ramos Zayas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos Zayas A, Urquiza Fornovi I, Merino Domingo F, Zubillaga Rodr\u00edguez I, S\u00e1nchez Aniceto G (2020) Necrosis lingual Como debut de arteritis de c\u00e9lulas gigantes: a prop\u00f3sito de Un caso. Revisi\u00f3n de La literatura. Rev Esp Cir Oral Maxilofac 42(1):32\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20986\/recom.2020.1063\/2019","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cir Oral Maxilofac"},{"issue":"25","key":"5969_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2105150","volume":"385","author":"B Dilly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dilly B, Bomahou C (2021) Tongue necrosis in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 385(25):2377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMicm2105150","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"5969_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.7096-21","volume":"60","author":"M Tago","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tago M, Oishi T, Makio S, Yamashita SI (2021) Tongue necrosis: an atypical sign of giant-cell arteritis. Intern Med 60(20):3347\u20133348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.7096-21","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5969_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244948","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244948","volume":"14","author":"EC Rose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rose EC, Carroll LS, Evans S, Mason A (2021) Giant cell arteritis complicated by tongue necrosis and bilateral cerebellar ischaemic stroke. BMJ Case Rep 14(12):e244948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-244948","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"5969_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022553","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2176-7262.v55i3e2022553","volume":"55","author":"LA Oliver","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oliver LA, Alencar AG, Lyra MR, Y\u00e1\u00f1ez SI (2022) Tongue necrosis due to giant cell arteritis. Med (Ribeir\u00e3o Preto) 55(3):e2022553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/issn.2176-7262.v55i3e2022553","journal-title":"Med (Ribeir\u00e3o Preto)"},{"issue":"11","key":"5969_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E420","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.211483","volume":"194","author":"C Payen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Payen C, Kucharczak F, Favier V (2022) Giant cell arteritis presenting with progressive dysphagia and tongue necrosis. CMAJ 194(11):E420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.211483","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"5969_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e937565","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.937565","volume":"23","author":"DS Jalaledin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jalaledin DS, Ross C, Makhzoum JP (2022) Rare ischemic complications of giant cell arteritis: case series and literature review. Am J Case Rep 23:e937565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/AJCR.937565","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5969_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06465-z","volume":"24","author":"YM Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho YM, El Khoury L, Paramo J, Horowitz DM, Li JY, Kello N (2023) Tongue necrosis secondary to giant cell arteritis, successfully treated with tocilizumab: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 24(1):382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-023-06465-z","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e254888","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-254888","volume":"16","author":"J De Cant\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Cant\u00f3n J, Guti\u00e9rrez Gu\u00e9dez LA, Rodr\u00edguez Cambr\u00f3n AB, Burgos F (2023) Tongue necrosis secondary to giant cell arteritis. BMJ Case Rep 16(5):e254888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-254888","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"5969_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.04.016","volume":"161","author":"A Santander Bilbao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santander Bilbao A, Ruiz Lucea E, Guti\u00e9rrez Mac\u00edas A (2023) Lingual and lower lip necrosis in giant cell arteritis. Med Clin (Barc) 161(8):368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.04.016","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"7","key":"5969_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11544","volume":"5","author":"M Guarda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guarda M, Ghaffar U, Warrington KJ, Koster MJ (2023) Tongue ulceration in giant cell arteritis associated with asymptomatic retinal ischemia. ACR Open Rheumatol 5(7):331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr2.11544","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5969_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74316","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.74316","volume":"16","author":"N Balaji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balaji N, Ignatowicz A, Khan S, Kuturu S, Jadhav V (2024) Lingual necrosis in the setting of giant cell arteritis. Cureus 16(11):e74316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.74316","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"5969_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2024.0268","author":"MT Ghaffar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghaffar MT, Ramachandran D, Makkuni D (2024) The importance of early recognition of rare ischaemic complications of GCA to prevent permanent vision loss. Br J Hosp Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/hmed.2024.0268","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59554","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59554","volume":"16","author":"AS Brar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brar AS, Nanda R, Narayanan R, Padhy SK (2024) Giant cell arteritis with bilateral central retinal artery occlusion and tongue necrosis. Cureus 16(5):e59554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.59554","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"5969_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000002147","volume":"45","author":"L Zhong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhong L, Roberts KF, Chen H, Van Stavern GP, Stunkel L (2025) Tongue necrosis in giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 45(1):e79\u2013e80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000002147","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"5969_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dumont A, Lecannuet A, Boutemy J, Maign\u00e9 G, Martin-Silva N, Deshayes S et al (2020) Characteristics and outcomes of patients with ophthalmologic involvement in giant-cell arteritis: a case-control study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 50(2):335\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.09.008 (PMID: 32192630)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.09.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"5969_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10262","volume":"46","author":"GS Hoffman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, Guillevin L, Stone JH, Schousboe J et al (2002) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 46(5):1309\u20131318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.10262","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"5969_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.45.2.136","volume":"45","author":"M De Silva","year":"1986","unstructured":"De Silva M, Hazleman BL (1986) Azathioprine in giant cell arteritis\/polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind study. Ann Rheum Dis 45(2):136\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.45.2.136","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"5969_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, Bosch P, Ponte C, Mackie SL et al (2024) EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis 83(6):741\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224543 (PMID: 37550004)","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224543"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05969-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05969-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05969-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T18:03:40Z","timestamp":1761847420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05969-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-025-05969-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1437-160X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The patient signed informed consent for the publication of this case report and any associated images.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"226"}}