{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:08:02Z","timestamp":1791889682900,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a substantial global health burden, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies are emerging as potential approaches for their management. However, evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of these interventions remains limited. This systematic review synthesised the available evidence on the cost-effectiveness of AI-based technologies for managing MSDs of the spine. This systematic review was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Web of Science, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) databases were searched. After title and abstract screening, the remaining articles underwent full-text review by two independent reviewers, who extracted economic outcome data comparing AI-based interventions versus control. A total of 347 studies were identified, with 59 duplicates removed and 251 excluded based on title and abstract. After full-text review, seven eligible studies were included in the review. These studies represented five countries (United States (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), Germany (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), Denmark (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), Australia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091) and South Korea (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091)). The studies adopted a healthcare perspective (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094), a societal perspective (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092) and a healthcare and societal perspective (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091). Time durations varied widely, from four weeks to twelve months in trials to three years or lifetime in models, with one study using a 20-month post-implementation period. The AI components of the interventions encompassed a range of technologies, including a deep learning\u2013based diagnostic and exercise prescription platform, AI-driven chest radiograph screening, the self-BACK application, standardised Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocols, the Back Pain Choices online decision support tool, and the Kaia back pain application. In three studies, AI-based interventions for MSDs of the spine showed consistent positive QALY gains. Across the seven studies, five interventions (71%) were found to be cost-effective or cost-saving, four (57%) were dominant, while two (29%) were not cost-effective, indicating that most AI-based and digital interventions for MSDs of the spine provide favourable economic value compared with standard care. This is the first systematic review to synthesise evidence on the cost-effectiveness of AI-based technologies for the management of MSDs of the spine. The results suggest that AI-based interventions have the potential to contribute to more efficient healthcare resource use and may support policy and decision-making. However, their impact on reducing the economic burden of MSDs of the spine and improving health outcomes is not yet conclusive, and further standardised economic evaluations are needed to strengthen the evidence base.\n                    <jats:italic>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42025642775\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42025642775<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-026-06122-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T13:58:03Z","timestamp":1779544683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of artificial intelligence interventions for musculoskeletal disorders of the spine: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7976-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadesse","family":"Gebrye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3666-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chidozie","family":"Mbada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faatihah","family":"Niyi-Odumosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Fatoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8130-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marufat","family":"Odetunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zalmai","family":"Hakimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ushotanefe","family":"Useh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Fatoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6122_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahi M (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9. 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No financial, per sonal, or professional relationships exist that could influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study is a systematic review. For this study ethical approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work and take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the data and analyses presented. All authors affirm that the manuscript is an original work and is being submitted for consideration in Rheumatology International. The authors declare that this manuscript is original and has not been copied or posted. The work has not been submitted to or is not under consideration by any other journal. All content presented in this report is the authors\u2019 own and complies with the publication ethics and guidelines of Rheumatology International. Note: Abstract for this study has already been published previously\u2014\n                      \n                      .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that no artificial intelligence (AI) tools were used in the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, or interpretation of the results. AI tools were used only for language editing and improvement of readability, and all content has been carefully reviewed and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"AI use statement"}}],"article-number":"107"}}