{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:20:42Z","timestamp":1783527642486,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-026-06155-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T13:58:03Z","timestamp":1779544683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dermatomyositis predominates among checkpoint inhibitor-associated inflammatory myositis phenotypes: a pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis identifies a class-wide signal"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"6155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","volume":"186","author":"P Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma P, Goswami S, Raychaudhuri D et al (2023) Immune checkpoint therapy\u2014current perspectives and future directions. Cell 186(8):1652\u20131669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"36","key":"6155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","volume":"39","author":"BJ Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD et al (2021) Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol 39(36):4073\u20134126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf682","volume":"47","author":"JE Salem","year":"2026","unstructured":"Salem JE, Ajrouche A, Rozes A, Pinto S, De Rycke Y, Tubach F (2026) Incidence and risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor myocardial and muscle toxicity: a French nationwide study. Eur Heart J 47(9):1014\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf682","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"6155_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41604","volume":"73","author":"J Aldrich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldrich J, Pundole X, Tummala S et al (2021) Inflammatory myositis in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol 73(5):866\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41604","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"6155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597259","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597259","volume":"16","author":"A S\u00e1nchez-Camacho","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Camacho A, Torres-Zurita A, Gallego-L\u00f3pez L et al (2025) Management of immune-related myocarditis, myositis and myasthenia gravis (MMM) overlap syndrome: a single institution case series and literature review. Front Immunol 16:1597259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597259","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6155_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00233-9","volume":"24","author":"J Raaphorst","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raaphorst J, van der Kooi AJ, Mecoli CA et al (2025) Advances in the classification and management of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Lancet Neurol 24(9):776\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00233-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"6155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402225","volume":"372","author":"MC Dalakas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalakas MC (2015) Inflammatory muscle diseases. N Engl J Med 372(18):1734\u20131747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1402225","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6155_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223792","volume":"82","author":"I Pinal-Fernandez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinal-Fernandez I, Quintana A, Milisenda JC et al (2023) Transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct subsets of immune checkpoint inhibitor induced myositis. Ann Rheum Dis 82(6):829\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2022-223792","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103375","volume":"22","author":"NL Guerra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guerra NL, Matas-Garc\u00eda A, Serra-Garc\u00eda L et al (2023) Dermatomyositis unleashed by immune checkpoint inhibitors. Three additional cases and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 22(8):103375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103375","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"6155_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/onco.13931","volume":"26","author":"R Pathak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pathak R, Katel A, Massarelli E, Villaflor VM, Sun V, Salgia R (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis with myositis\/myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome: a systematic review of cases. Oncologist 26(12):1052\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/onco.13931","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"6155_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13030059","volume":"13","author":"C Frey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frey C, Etminan M (2024) Adverse Events of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 immune checkpoint inhibitors: an analysis of the FDA adverse events database. Antibodies 13(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antib13030059","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"6155_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111328","volume":"137","author":"C Frey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Frey C, Etminan M (2025) Disproportionality analysis of progestogens and estrogens demonstrates increased meningioma risk. J Clin Neurosci 137:111328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111328","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"6155_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210031","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210031","volume":"103","author":"G Beecher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beecher G, Pinal-Fernandez I, Mammen AL, Liewluck T (2024) Immune checkpoint inhibitor myopathy: the double-edged sword of cancer immunotherapy. Neurology 103(11):e210031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210031","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"6155_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2343023","volume":"24","author":"H Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang H, Ding Z, An Z, Zhao Y, Lu H (2025) Immune checkpoint inhibitor related myositis: an observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study. Expert Opin Drug Saf 24(12):1415\u20131420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14740338.2024.2343023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"6155_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672729","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.672729","volume":"12","author":"LC Van Eyndhoven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Eyndhoven LC, Chouri E, Subedi N, Tel J (2021) Phenotypical diversification of early IFN\u03b1-producing human plasmacytoid dendritic cells using droplet-based microfluidics. Front Immunol 12:672729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.672729","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"6155_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02129","volume":"9","author":"AV Bazhin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazhin AV, von Ahn K, Fritz J, Werner J, Karakhanova S (2018) Interferon-\u03b1 up-regulates the expression of PD-L1 molecules on immune cells through STAT3 and p38 signaling. Front Immunol 9:2129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02129","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"31","key":"6155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300895120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300895120","volume":"120","author":"BM Lax","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lax BM, Palmeri JR, Lutz EA et al (2023) Both intratumoral regulatory T cell depletion and CTLA-4 antagonism are required for maximum efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 120(31):e2300895120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2300895120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"6155_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.07.006","volume":"35","author":"E Antiga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Antiga E, Kretz CC, Klembt R et al (2010) Characterization of regulatory T cells in patients with dermatomyositis. J Autoimmun 35(4):342\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.07.006","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"12","key":"6155_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2598","volume":"75","author":"K Mariampillai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mariampillai K, Granger B, Amelin D et al (2018) Development of a new classification system for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies based on clinical manifestations and myositis-specific autoantibodies. JAMA Neurol 75(12):1528\u20131537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2598","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41964","volume":"74","author":"M Casal-Dominguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casal-Dominguez M, Pinal-Fernandez I, Pak K et al (2022) Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology\/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in patients with myositis-specific autoantibodies. Arthritis Rheumatol 74(3):508\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41964","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6155_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00369-1","volume":"23","author":"A Farina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farina A, Villagr\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda M, Vogrig A et al (2024) Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the development of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Lancet Neurol 23(1):81\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00369-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"6155_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","volume":"375","author":"DB Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson DB, Balko JM, Compton ML et al (2016) Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med 375(18):1749\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8041","key":"6155_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08105-5","volume":"636","author":"SM Blum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blum SM, Zlotoff DA, Smith NP et al (2024) Immune responses in checkpoint myocarditis across heart, blood and tumour. Nature 636(8041):215\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08105-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"6155_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07896-w","volume":"45","author":"M Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang M, Li F, Chen Z et al (2026) Muscle expression of PD1 and PD-L1 may predict the severity and outcomes of neuromuscular immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Clin Rheumatol 45(3):2009\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-025-07896-w","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6155_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28452","volume":"72","author":"R Mukasa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mukasa R, Ogata S, Kiyosawa N et al (2025) LAG3 is expressed on muscle-infiltrating cytotoxic t cells, but scarce on circulating T cells, in patients with inclusion body myositis. Muscle Nerve 72(3):443\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28452","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06155-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06155-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06155-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:39:12Z","timestamp":1783525152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06155-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06155-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Frey has no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethics approval and patient consent were not required as the U.S. FDA previously collected all data utilized in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"No AI was used in preparation of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"AI usage"}}],"article-number":"108"}}