{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:05:09Z","timestamp":1784275509766,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006304","name":"Aalborg University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the one-year incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) treated with glucocorticoids and interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor (IL-6Ri) compared to patients treated with glucocorticoid monotherapy. Secondary we investigated the one-year risk of a composite outcome of DM, osteoporosis and cardiovascular events. This cohort study at Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark included patients with GCA from June 2022 to August 2025. Data was collected at diagnosis and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after glucocorticoid initiation, and annually thereafter. We evaluated the one-year incidence of DM, and thereafter the risk the composite outcome using a Cox regression, comparing patients receiving glucocorticoids in combination with IL-6Ri (exposed) versus glucocorticoid monotherapy (unexposed). The study included 121 patients (70.2% female; mean age 70.5 years): 47 exposed and 74 unexposed. A median of 193 days passed from GCA diagnosis to IL-6Ri initiation in exposed. The one-year cumulative incidence of DM was 3.0% in exposed and 17.5% in unexposed. Exposed had a lower composite risk (Hazard ratio: 0.3, 95% confidence interval: 0.1;1.3). The most frequent AEs among exposed were infections, osteoporosis, cardiovascular events, and DM in exposed and unexposed. Both the one-year cumulative incidence of DM and the composite risk of adverse events were lower in exposed compared with unexposed. These findings suggest that IL-6Ri may offer a safer alternative to glucocorticoid monotherapy in reducing long-term risks. Additionally, the data indicate that IL-6Ri may be introduced too late in the disease course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-026-06189-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:27:34Z","timestamp":1782491254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors on risk of diabetes mellitus in patients with giant cell arteritis: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5590-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads E. R.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sille Sophie","family":"Lindhardt Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Lund","family":"Overgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4559-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Kristina","family":"Stilling-Vinther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther Gaarn","family":"Lindgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Salomonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfred Kj\u00e6r Hanefelt","family":"Dinesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja Bailum","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4968-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrine Banke","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten S.","family":"Duch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4047-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line","family":"Uhrenholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5759-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolette Gylden","family":"Soussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lene Wohlfahrt","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salome","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2002) Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant-Cell Arteritis. 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Arthritis Res Ther 23:8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02377-8"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06189-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06189-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06189-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:16:55Z","timestamp":1784272615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06189-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["6189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06189-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"MERS, SSL, ALO, LS, WD, KBK, KBH, MJ, and KSD reports no conflict of interest. SK: has acted as PI or have research agreements with the following entities, not relevant to the current manuscript: UCB, AbbVie, Alfasigma and BMS (research grants paid to her institution) and received support for attending congress\/meetings and\/or travel from Janssen. LU: has received supports for attending congress\/meetings from Astra Zeneca. BGS: reports Novo Nordisk stocks. EGL: has stocks in Pfizer, Sandoz, Johnson&Johnson, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, Novo Nordisk, H Lundbeck, Merck & co, and Sanofi. MSV: reports receiving support from the following, not related to the content of the present work: Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) (to attend congress) and Boehringer Ingelheim (teaching activities). Also owns stocks in Novo Nordisk, Bavarian Nordic, Coloplast, Genmab, and Ambu. LD has received research grant\/research support from BMS, and speakers bureau from EliLilly and Galderma (unrelated to this manuscript).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In this study, generative AI tools (ChatGPT) were used to improve the grammar and clarify the language, as well as optimize and problem-solve the code in RStudio. No sections were written by AI tools, and no analyses were carried out by AI. All output from the AI tools was critically evaluated by the authors before applying it in the study. No part of this report is copied, published elsewhere, or generated by AI.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI tools","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We would like to acknowledge the Danish National Research Foundation (grant no. DNRF148).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Acknowledgements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"170"}}