{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:55:26Z","timestamp":1790934926748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-026-06291-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:17:26Z","timestamp":1787973446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suspected shrinking lung syndrome: a rare pulmonary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus\u2014a case-based review of an underrecognized condition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2698-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Maj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8162-4902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Okni\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8728-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Robaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Dziewit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Olesi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ma\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-1-78","volume":"17","author":"MF Shaikh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaikh MF, Jordan N, D\u2019Cruz DP (2017) Systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Med (Lond) 17(1):78\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-1-78","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"6291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2018.03.012","volume":"14","author":"G Aguilera-Pickens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aguilera-Pickens G, Abud-Mendoza C (2018) Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: pleural involvement, acute pneumonitis, chronic interstitial lung disease and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed) 14(5):294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reuma.2018.03.012","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"6291_CR3","unstructured":"Colquhoun M, Akram S (2025) Shrinking Lung Syndrome. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK568683\/. Accessed 20 Mar 2026"},{"issue":"7","key":"6291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70255","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.70255","volume":"13","author":"G Roostaei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roostaei G, Kazemizadeh H, Rahimi B, Abtahi H, Yousefi Mokri M, Khoshnam Rad N (2025) Shrinking lung syndrome as an early manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report with literature review. Respirol Case Rep 13(7):e70255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcr2.70255","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"6291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97612","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97612","volume":"17","author":"S Chaudhry","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaudhry S, Bokhary H, Quinn M (2025) Improved lung function with cyclophosphamide and rituximab in a case of shrinking lung syndrome. Cureus 17(11):e97612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.97612","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8s","key":"6291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S525","DOI":"10.1097\/rhu.0000000000001132","volume":"27","author":"J Ciaffi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciaffi J, Gegenava M, Ninaber MK, Huizinga TWJ (2021) Shrinking lung syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in 3 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Rheumatol 27(8s):S525\u2013s529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/rhu.0000000000001132","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40930","volume":"71","author":"M Aringer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, Brinks R, Mosca M, Ramsey-Goldman R, Smolen JS, Wofsy D, Boumpas DT, Kamen DL et al (2019) 2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology Classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 71(9):1400\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.40930","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50229","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50229","volume":"15","author":"L Al-Karaja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Karaja L, Alshayeb FO, Amro D, Khdour YF, Alamlih L (2023) Shrinking Lung syndrome in a systemic lupus erythematous patient improved by rituximab: a case report with literature review. Cureus J Med Sci 15(12):e50229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.50229","journal-title":"Cureus J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6291_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24320","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24320","volume":"14","author":"MR Almajed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almajed MR, Obri MS, Mahmood S, Demertzis ZD (2022) Shrinking Lung syndrome in a young female: a rare pulmonary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cureus J Med Sci 14(4):e24320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24320","journal-title":"Cureus J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6291_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcreu.2021.09.003","volume":"30","author":"L Bengherbia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bengherbia L, Taharboucht S, Touati N, Souas O, Chibane A (2023) Shrinking lung syndrome. A rare pulmonary manifestation of lupus: a case report. Revista Colombiana De Reumatologia 30(4):347\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcreu.2021.09.003","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana De Reumatologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"6291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.10.023","volume":"162","author":"A Casey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casey A, Enghelmayer IJ, Legarreta CG, Beron AM, Perin MM, Dubinsky D (2024) Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: A study of 9 patients. Med Clin 162(7):350\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.10.023","journal-title":"Med Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"6291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.041","volume":"13","author":"X-c Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X-c, He S, Xue J (2022) Shrinking lung syndrome in autoimmune inflammatory diseases: a case series and review of literature. World J Emerg Med 13(3):254\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.041","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27311","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27311","volume":"14","author":"AH Datoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Datoo AH, Abdelghani L (2022) Shrinking lung syndrome: a case report. Cureus J Med Sci 14(7):e27311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.27311","journal-title":"Cureus J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15110","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15110","volume":"27","author":"AC Esteves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esteves AC, Mendes B, Assuncao H, Ines LS (2024) Combination treatment with rituximab and belimumab in shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis 27(3):e15110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185X.15110","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6291_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80400","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80400","volume":"17","author":"P Fernandes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fernandes P, Luis A, Silva JP, Reis A (2025) Unshrinking the lung: successful improvement of shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus through non-invasive ventilation and respiratory rehabilitation. Cureus 17(3):e80400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.80400","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"6291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.06.028","volume":"162","author":"O Mahmoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmoud O, Bae H, Habib A, Saviour M, Williams S (2022) A 59-year-old woman with progressive shortness of breath, intermittent fevers, and restrictive disease. Chest 162(6):E301\u2013E305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.06.028","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirg S, Das A, Pandit AK, Sharma MC, Srivastava AK (2024) Shrinking lung syndrome mimicking diaphragmatic palsy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pract Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pn-2023-003989","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2023-003989"},{"issue":"1","key":"6291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70461","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.70461","volume":"14","author":"S Motamed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Motamed S, Mirzamohamadi A, Sadeghi S, Ardestani Rostami V, Mahalleh M, Alikhani M (2026) Three-year diagnostic delay in shrinking lung syndrome: rituximab-theophylline combination as rescue therapy. Respirol Case Rep 14(1):e70461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcr2.70461","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"6291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10730","volume":"19","author":"D Saleh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saleh D, Loewen A (2023) Shrinking lung syndrome: vanishing in non-rapid eye movement sleep. J Clin Sleep Med 19(11):1975\u20131979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.10730","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63990","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.63990","volume":"16","author":"K Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah K, Kondakindi H, Enabi J, Mukkera S (2024) Shrinking lung syndrome: a rare pulmonary complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cureus J Med Sci 16(7):e63990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.63990","journal-title":"Cureus J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00709-y","volume":"3","author":"S Uslu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uslu S (2021) Shrinking lung syndrome caused by systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. SN Compr Clin Med 3(1):297\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42399-020-00709-y","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"6291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han Y (2024) Tofacitinib treatment in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus with shrinking lung syndrome: a case-based review. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26717\/BJSTR.2024.54.008533","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2024.54.008533"},{"issue":"7","key":"6291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033261435924","volume":"35","author":"TQ Frota","year":"2026","unstructured":"Frota TQ, Fontenelle L, Rodrigues CEM (2026) Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: insights from a case series and a systematic review of the past decade. Lupus 35(7):722\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09612033261435924","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"33","key":"6291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4626","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004626","volume":"95","author":"H Borrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borrell H, Narvaez J, Alegre JJ, Castellvi I, Mitjavila F, Aparicio M, Armengol E, Molina-Molina M, Nolla JM (2016) Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case series and review of the literature. Med (Baltim) 95(33):e4626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000004626","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"4","key":"6291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.1859","volume":"160","author":"J Blanco Jimenez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blanco Jimenez J, Aftab G (2021) Shrinking lung syndrome in a female with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest 160(4):A2106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.1859","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"6291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8192-4","volume":"40","author":"CE Weckerle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weckerle CE, Niewold TB (2011) The unexplained female predominance of systemic lupus erythematosus: clues from genetic and cytokine studies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 40(1):42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-009-8192-4","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033241226755","volume":"33","author":"F Sari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sari F, Oskay D, Tufan A (2024) The effect of respiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness\/mobility, and exercise capacity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and associated shrinking lung syndrome. Lupus 33(3):289\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09612033241226755","journal-title":"Lupus"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06291-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06291-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06291-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:09:53Z","timestamp":1790932193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06291-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06291-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The patient described in this article has given permission for his case details and imaging results to be published.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required for this case report in accordance with institutional and national regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The current article represents an expanded and updated case-based systematic review of a case previously reported in a brief case-report format. No other part of this review was copied, published elsewhere, or generated by AI.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"250"}}