{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:53:42Z","timestamp":1791237222367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-026-06321-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:20:54Z","timestamp":1791188454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glymphatic dysfunction as a potential mechanistic link to cognitive \u0131mpairment in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8639-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed Zahid","family":"Sahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1234-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saltanat K.","family":"Yerkebayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-493X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neslihan","family":"Gokcen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"6321_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e213","author":"ED Batu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batu ED (2020) Neutrophil-mediated thrombosis and NETosis in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a hypothesis. J Korean Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e213","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-026-01218-y","volume":"28","author":"Y Yazici","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yazici Y, Hatemi G (2026) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 28:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-026-01218-y","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"6321_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2026.02.009","volume":"85","author":"G Hatemi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hatemi G, Ramiro S, Ozguler Y et al (2026) EULAR recommendations for the management of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome: 2025 update. Ann Rheum Dis 85:1010\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2026.02.009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"6321_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.290823.ib","volume":"34","author":"EG Kabul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kabul EG, Yenil S, Ulutas F et al (2023) Investigation of biopsychosocial status, fatigue, sleep quality, alexithymia, cognitive functions, and quality of life in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Mediterr J Rheumatol 34:436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31138\/mjr.290823.ib","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol"},{"key":"6321_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w","volume":"47","author":"ER Koc","year":"2026","unstructured":"Koc ER, Gluscevic S, Tunc A et al (2026) Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome: epidemiology, mechanisms, and emerging strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Neurol Sci 47:350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70718","author":"E Kochan Kizilkilic","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kochan Kizilkilic E, Korkmazer B, Erener N et al (2026) Beyond venous inflammation: vessel wall imaging of intracranial arteries in neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.70718","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"6321_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-023-05416-0","volume":"43","author":"ZK \u00c7akan","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7akan ZK, Ya\u011f\u0131z B, Pehlivan Y (2023) Clinical features of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease and prediction of the use of biologics in 488 cases: a single tertiary center study. Rheumatol Int 43:2089\u20132097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-023-05416-0","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"6321_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae123","author":"H Zhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhan H, Cheng L, Li Y (2025) Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: an update of clinical diagnosis, biomarkers, and immunopathogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cei\/uxae123","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"6321_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.240723.nav","volume":"35","author":"G Deshpande","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deshpande G, Baisya R, Devarasetti PK, Rajasekhar L (2024) Neurological and vascular Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease in a young male without classic triad of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a case report and literature review. Mediterr J Rheumatol 35:164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31138\/mjr.240723.nav","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol"},{"key":"6321_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101512","volume":"38","author":"EC Bolek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolek EC, Sari A, Kilic L et al (2020) Clinical features and disease course of neurological involvement in Behcet\u2019s disease: HUVAC experience. Mult Scler Relat Disord 38:101512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101512","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"6321_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04250-0","volume":"25","author":"O Al-omoush","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-omoush O, AlBarakat MM, Alasmar D et al (2025) Clinical and imaging features of parenchymal and non-parenchymal neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a systematic review of case reports and series. BMC Neurol 25:225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-025-04250-0","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"6321_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779249","author":"K Bahrini","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bahrini K, Stiti A, Boughariou S, Belghith M (2026) CD39 in the pathogenesis of neuro-Beh\u00e7et disease: is it an immune regulator marker? Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779249","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"6321_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-026-06270-6","volume":"46","author":"P G\u0142uszak","year":"2026","unstructured":"G\u0142uszak P, Lucki M, Kasprzyk N et al (2026) Unmasking Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease in the European population: a case series report. Rheumatol Int 46:235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06270-6","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"6321_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156617","volume":"179","author":"M Belghith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belghith M, Maghrebi O, Ben Laamari R et al (2024) Increased IL-22 in cerebrospinal fluid of neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease patients. Cytokine 179:156617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156617","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"6321_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqae150","volume":"97","author":"K Aslan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aslan K, Gen\u00e7 B, Bolat N, Incesu L (2024) Diffusion tensor imaging in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease with and without neurological involvement patients: evaluation of microstructural white matter abnormality with a tract-based spatial statistical analysis. Br J Radiol 97:1645\u20131652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqae150","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"6321_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152509","volume":"68","author":"OA Kargin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kargin OA, Arslan S, Korkmazer B et al (2024) Brain white matter microstructural alterations in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome correlate with cognitive impairment and disease severity: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 68:152509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152509","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"6321_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keag051","author":"R Talarico","year":"2026","unstructured":"Talarico R, Di Cianni F, Calzoni T et al (2026) White matter abnormalities in an MRI-based study in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome: incidental findings or clinically relevant? Rheumatology Oxf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keag051","journal-title":"Rheumatology Oxf"},{"key":"6321_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2024.141289","volume":"62","author":"RM Ghaleb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghaleb RM, Said HM (2024) Assessment of neurocognitive function in patients with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Reumatologia 62:169\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/reum.2024.141289","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"6321_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103899","volume":"24","author":"M Camard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Camard M, Urbain F, Noel N (2025) Cognitive impairment in systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a narrative review focused on ANCA-associated vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Autoimmun Rev 24:103899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103899","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"6321_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0149-9","volume":"26","author":"A Lo Monaco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lo Monaco A, La Corte R, Caniatti L et al (2006) Neurological involvement in North Italian patients with Beh\u00e7et disease. Rheumatol Int 26:1113\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-006-0149-9","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"6321_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.01.024","volume":"327","author":"LA Dutra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dutra LA, de Souza AWS, Alessi H et al (2013) Cognitive impairment in Brazilian patients with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease occurs independently of neurologic manifestation. J Neurol Sci 327:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2013.01.024","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.02.021","volume":"220","author":"R Monastero","year":"2004","unstructured":"Monastero R, Camarda C, Pipia C et al (2004) Cognitive impairment in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease patients without overt neurological involvement. J Neurol Sci 220:99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2004.02.021","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0391-6","volume":"251","author":"F G\u00f6k\u00e7ay","year":"2004","unstructured":"G\u00f6k\u00e7ay F, \u00c7elebisoy N, K\u0131sabay A et al (2004) P300 and neuropsychological evaluation in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease with and without neurological manifestations. J Neurol 251:676\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-004-0391-6","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6321_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02694.x","volume":"75","author":"Y Sumita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sumita Y, Murakawa Y, Sugiura T et al (2012) Elevated BAFF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: BAFF is correlated with progressive dementia and psychosis. Scand J Immunol 75:633\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02694.x","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"6321_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.4268","volume":"82","author":"S Hirohata","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirohata S, Isshi K, Oguchi H et al (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 in progressive neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 82:12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/clin.1996.4268","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"6321_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9551-2","volume":"29","author":"I Trapero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trapero I, Cauli O (2014) Interleukin 6 and cognitive dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 29:593\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-014-9551-2","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"6321_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01844.x","volume":"64","author":"K Hamzaoui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A, Ghorbel I et al (2006) Levels of IL-15 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Scand J Immunol 64:655\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01844.x","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"6321_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5797\/jnet.ra.2025-0020","author":"T Krings","year":"2025","unstructured":"Krings T, Takemoto Y, Mori K, Kee TP (2025) The glymphatic system and its role in neurovascular diseases. J Neuroendovasc Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5797\/jnet.ra.2025-0020","journal-title":"J Neuroendovasc Ther"},{"key":"6321_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102986","volume":"114","author":"D Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhao D, Wang J, Zhang F et al (2026) Cerebral glymphatic system: structure, regulation, ageing, and mechanisms of encephalopathy. Ageing Res Rev 114:102986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102986","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"6321_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70810","author":"A Zahran","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zahran A, Abu-Khazneh O, Bdair M et al (2026) Glymphatic system dysfunction in central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cns.70810","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"6321_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN44348","author":"T Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang T, Yang Y, Yuan M et al (2026) Glymphatic clearance dynamics in traumatic brain injury: mechanisms, imaging biomarkers, and application prospects. J Integr Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/JIN44348","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"6321_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251377790","volume":"108","author":"MZ Sahin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahin MZ, Yildirim A (2025) Gonadal hormones and aquaporin-4: preclinical insights into glymphatic regulation and amyloid clearance. J Alzheimers Dis 108:461\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251377790","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"6321_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07445-2","volume":"53","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Huang G, Geng J et al (2025) DTI-ALPS index-assessed glymphatic dysfunction mediates Alzheimer\u2019s cognitive decline via amyloid-\u03b2-dependent pathways: multimodal PET\/MRI study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 53:467\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-025-07445-2","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"6321_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121760","volume":"327","author":"J Yao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yao J, Xia Y, Shang S et al (2026) Associations between glymphatic dysfunction, white matter injury, and cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroimage 327:121760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121760","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6321_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2026.107515","volume":"227","author":"Z Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang Z, Li P, Yin R et al (2026) The glymphatic system: a key mechanism linking sleep to brain health and diseases. Neurobiol Dis 227:107515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2026.107515","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"6321_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01407-w","volume":"16","author":"H Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong H, Hong L, Luo X et al (2024) The relationship between amyloid pathology, cerebral small vessel disease, glymphatic dysfunction, and cognition: a study based on Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum participants. Alzheimers Res Ther 16:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-024-01407-w","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"6321_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71040","author":"C Lv","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lv C, Xia C, Li Z et al (2026) Chronic smoking impairs glymphatic transport and cognitive function in adolescent mice through cardiac, vascular, and perivascular aquaporin-4 mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cns.71040","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"6321_CR38","unstructured":"Zeng X, Li Y, Yang FN, et al (2025) Sleep effects on brain, cognition, and mental health during adolescence are mediated by the glymphatic system. ArXiv"},{"key":"6321_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111640","volume":"233","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang C, Zhang T, Lu H et al (2025) Glymphatic dysfunction impairs cognitive function via disrupted white matter network efficiency in primary insomnia: a DTI-ALPS mediation study. Brain Res Bull 233:111640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111640","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"6321_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2026.107548","volume":"228","author":"Y Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhang J, Kang Y et al (2026) Glymphatic dysfunction mediates inflammation-driven vascular burden and cognitive decline in cerebral small vessel disease. Neurobiol Dis 228:107548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2026.107548","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"6321_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70289","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Guo H, Sun X et al (2025) Melatonin regulates glymphatic function to affect cognitive deficits, behavioral issues, and blood-brain barrier damage in mice after intracerebral hemorrhage: potential links to circadian rhythms. CNS Neurosci Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.70289","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"6321_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33069\/cim.2025.0012","volume":"7","author":"MZ Sahin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahin MZ (2025) Midnight awakening: exploring its potential role in brain health. Chronobiol Med 7:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33069\/cim.2025.0012","journal-title":"Chronobiol Med"},{"key":"6321_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121515","volume":"321","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Hu Y, Ding W et al (2025) White matter hyperintensity-associated iron overload links glymphatic system dysfunction to cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease. Neuroimage 321:121515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121515","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6321_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2026.03.008","volume":"20","author":"B Du","year":"2026","unstructured":"Du B, Li W, Wang X et al (2026) Glymphatic dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment in white matter hyperintensities: a DTI-based study. IBRO Neurosci Rep 20:465\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibneur.2026.03.008","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"6321_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf029","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Xu C, Chen Y et al (2024) Glymphatic dysfunction exacerbates cognitive decline by triggering cortical degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from diffusion-tensor MRI. Brain Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf029","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"6321_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.06.021","volume":"120","author":"L Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao L, Li X, Li H et al (2024) Associations of glymphatic function with structural network and cognition in self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Seizure 120:104\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.06.021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"6321_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1680094","author":"L Ai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ai L, Li Z, Huang H et al (2025) Glymphatic system impairment in cerebral small vessel disease: associations with perivascular space volume and cognition. Front Aging Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1680094","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"6321_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.123515","volume":"473","author":"Q Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun Q, Liu J, Yang Z et al (2025) Glymphatic system dysfunction and its impact on seizure severity, cognitive function, and affective symptoms in patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone. J Neurol Sci 473:123515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2025.123515","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111552","volume":"231","author":"K Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li K, Bian Y, Xing Y, Jia X (2025) Altered glymphatic function and cerebrovascular reactivity in white matter hyperintensities: insights into cognitive impairment. Brain Res Bull 231:111552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111552","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"6321_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70296","volume":"13","author":"S Rajai Firouzabadi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rajai Firouzabadi S, Mohammadi I, Aghajanian S et al (2026) Glymphatic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Mov Disord Clin Pract 13:331\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70296","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"6321_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103500","volume":"23","author":"IdeO Barbosa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barbosa IdeO, Pontes-Silva A, Prati JM (2024) Dysfunction of the glymphatic system and sleep disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis and musculoskeletal pain: a gap related to pain becoming chronic. Autoimmun Rev 23:103500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103500","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"6321_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02332-4","volume":"29","author":"M Gueye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gueye M, Preziosa P, Ramirez GA et al (2024) Choroid plexus and perivascular space enlargement in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Psychiatry 29:359\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-023-02332-4","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6321_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1773928","author":"H Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang H, Sun M, Yang X et al (2026) Evaluating the exploratory classification performance of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective cohort study. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1773928","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6321_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e207","author":"BF Kocyigit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kocyigit BF, Akyol A (2021) Bibliometric and altmetric analyses of publication activity in the field of behcet\u2019s Disease in 2010\u20132019. J Korean Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e207","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-1999-3","volume":"31","author":"AY Gasparyan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Blackmore H, Kitas GD (2011) Writing a narrative biomedical review: considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors. Rheumatol Int 31:1409\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-011-1999-3","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"6321_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e300","author":"AY Gasparyan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Mukanova U et al (2019) Scientific hypotheses: writing, promoting, and predicting \u0131mplications. J Korean Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e300","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e338","author":"DP Misra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Misra DP, Gasparyan AY, Zimba O et al (2021) Formulating hypotheses for different study designs. J Korean Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e338","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"6321_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7209-3","volume":"261","author":"S Kalra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalra S, Silman A, Akman-Demir G et al (2014) Diagnosis and management of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: international consensus recommendations. J Neurol 261:1662\u20131676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-013-7209-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6321_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02358-1","volume":"29","author":"M-R El Kamouh","year":"2026","unstructured":"El Kamouh M-R, Spajer M, Singhabahu R et al (2026) Cerebral venous blood flow regulates intracerebral pressure and brain clearance via meningeal lymphatic vessels. Nat Neurosci 29:2190\u20132203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-026-02358-1","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"6321_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04488-1","volume":"40","author":"H Tsutsui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsutsui H, Kikuchi H, Oguchi H et al (2020) Identification of physical and psychosocial problems based on symptoms in patients with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Rheumatol Int 40:81\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-019-04488-1","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"6321_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1818678","author":"H Alnajashi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alnajashi H, Almohammed HAJ, Morad AS et al (2026) MRI features of parenchymal neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1818678","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6321_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14455","volume":"26","author":"AS Emekli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emekli AS, Do\u011fan FU, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz T et al (2023) Lesion probability map in cerebral vein thrombosis due to Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Int J Rheum Dis 26:145\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185X.14455","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"6321_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1650-9","volume":"30","author":"A Borhani Haghighi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borhani Haghighi A, Sarhadi S, Farahangiz S (2011) MRI findings of neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease. Clin Rheumatol 30:765\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-010-1650-9","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"6321_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093149","volume":"12","author":"F Urbain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Urbain F, Hardy-L\u00e9ger I, Adebs-Nasser G et al (2023) Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive disorders in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a single-center, cross-sectional study. J Clin Med 12:3149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12093149","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"6321_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09416-5","volume":"29","author":"CA Fisher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fisher CA, Bernard C (2019) A systematic review of neurocognitive functioning in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Neuropsychol Rev 29:498\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-019-09416-5","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"6321_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.949699","volume":"26","author":"CE Nathania","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nathania CE, Prodjohardjono A, Susianti NA et al (2025) Beh\u00e7et disease and cognitive \u0131mpairment: a case study of an overlooked symptom. Am J Case Rep 26:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/AJCR.949699","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06321-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06321-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06321-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1791234151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06321-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-026-06321-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT (GPT-5; OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) was used to assist with language editing, clarity, and organization of the manuscript. AI assistance was also used in the technical preparation of the schematic figure. The hypothesis, conceptual framework, scientific interpretations, and conclusions were developed by the authors. All AI-assisted language and visual content was critically reviewed, revised, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial \u0131ntelligence use","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that this work is original. No part of this manuscript has been copied from other sources, previously published elsewhere, or generated by artificial intelligence. The authors take full responsibility for the content, accuracy, and integrity of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"278"}}