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The moss Physcomitrella (\n                      <jats:italic>Physcomitrium patens<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a model organism for plant physiology, development, and evolution. However, little is known about TOR signalling in non-vascular plants, including Physcomitrella. Here, we report the effects of inhibiting TOR signalling in Physcomitrella. We identified and characterised Physcomitrella 12-kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP12), which binds TOR in the presence of rapamycin. Whereas the growth of wild-type protonema is unaffected by rapamycin, overexpressing endogenous\n                      <jats:italic>FKBP12<\/jats:italic>\n                      rendered the plant susceptible to the inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, protonema growth was inhibited when the TOR-specific inhibitor AZD8055 was present in the culture. We show that rapamycin and AZD8055 have pleiotropic effects, as they delay cell-cycle progression and development, induce chlorosis, inhibit photosynthesis, and alter total protein content. Additionally, we identified and characterised PpTOR, PpLST8, and PpRAPTOR, key components of TOR complex 1 (TORC1), whereas RICTOR and mSIN1 of TORC2 are not encoded by the\n                      <jats:italic>P. patens<\/jats:italic>\n                      genome. We found that PpLST8 substitutes its homolog in yeast to allow cell growth. Physcomitrella mutants were generated with a conditional downregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>PpTOR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>PpLST8<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>PpRAPTOR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. They were impaired in growth. Finally, we show TOR-dependent phosphorylation of a well-known TOR phospho-target, the ribosomal protein RPS6, via LC\u2013MS\/MS. Collectively, our results show that Physcomitrella growth and development is positively controlled by a conserved TOR kinase. We suggest to further dissect TOR signalling in Physcomitrella in order to elucidate signalling integration via TORC1 in plants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-026-03722-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:35:50Z","timestamp":1769758550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional characterisation of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling in Physcomitrella"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4617-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Saliba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2095-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian N. 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V.","family":"H\u00f6\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9151-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva L.","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pitter F.","family":"Huesgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3070-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik Toft","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Reski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18129\/B9.bioc.pwalign","author":"P Aboyoun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aboyoun P, Gentleman R, Pages H (2025) Pwalign: perform pairwise sequence alignments. 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