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Although three DIC homologues (\n                      <jats:italic>AtDIC1\u20133<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) are present in\n                      <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the functional roles of AtDIC1 and AtDIC3 remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized\n                      <jats:italic>atdic1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>atdic3<\/jats:italic>\n                      single and double mutants to elucidate their physiological significance. Loss of either isoform delayed seed germination under both control and abiotic stress conditions. This delay was more pronounced in\n                      <jats:italic>atdic1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , particularly on sucrose-free medium, suggesting a requirement for AtDIC1 in the mobilization of endogenous carbon reserves. During vegetative development, the\n                      <jats:italic>atdic3<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant showed reduced primary root elongation under salt and osmotic stress, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>atdic1<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed normal or enhanced root growth under salinity, revealing distinct stress-response roles. Notably, all mutant lines exhibited increased shoot biomass compared to the wild type, supported by enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, improved chlorophyll re-oxidation, and a shift in carbon allocation toward starch at the expense of sucrose. Double mutant analysis showed no additive effects, suggesting that these isoforms do not act synergistically. Metabolomic and redox profiling demonstrated that\n                      <jats:italic>atdic3<\/jats:italic>\n                      disruption specifically decreased the NADH\/NAD+ ratio and increased NADPH\/NADP+ levels, coupled with amino acid accumulation. Conversely,\n                      <jats:italic>atdic1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants showed more substantial disruptions in sugar and ascorbate metabolism. Although\n                      <jats:italic>AtDIC2<\/jats:italic>\n                      was upregulated in all mutant backgrounds, it provided only partial functional compensation. Our findings indicate that AtDIC1 and AtDIC3 fulfill distinct yet partially overlapping roles in coordinating mitochondrial metabolism with plant growth and environmental adaptation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-026-04000-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:33:58Z","timestamp":1790595238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knockout of mitochondrial dicarboxylate carriers AtDIC1 and AtDIC3 affects germination, biomass accumulation, and carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"de Lara Campos Arcuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2702-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa Nagatani","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5462-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Paulo Benetti","family":"Mantoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilara Gabriela Frasson","family":"Budzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Girotto","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3875-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan G.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcab117","volume":"62","author":"MDLC Arcuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arcuri MDLC, Nunes-Laitz AV, Lima RPM, Barreto P, Marinho AN, Arruda P, Maia IG (2021) Knockdown of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 1 and 2 (AtUCP1 and 2) in Arabidopsis thaliana impacts vegetative development and fertility. 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