{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T18:44:43Z","timestamp":1792262683085,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]],"date-time":"2017-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500422400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4977-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]],"date-time":"2017-07-19T07:29:28Z","timestamp":1500449368000},"page":"418-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Epidural steroid injection-related events requiring hospitalisation or emergency room visits among 52,935 procedures performed at a single centre"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Joon Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guen Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuhn","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joong Mo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7024-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heung Sik","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.10.046","volume":"5","author":"RF McLain","year":"2005","unstructured":"McLain RF, Kapural L, Mekhail NA (2005) Epidural steroid therapy for back and leg pain: mechanisms of action and efficacy. Spine J 5:191\u2013201","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"4977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199007000-00011","volume":"15","author":"JS Saal","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saal JS, Franson RC, Dobrow R, Saal JA, White AH, Goldthwaite N (1990) High levels of inflammatory phospholipase A2 activity in lumbar disc herniations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 15:674\u2013678","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4977_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensler S, Sutter R, Pfirrmann CW, Peterson CK Long Term Outcomes from CT-guided Indirect Cervical Nerve Root Blocks and their relationship to the MRI findings--A prospective Study. Eur Radiol 25:3405\u20133413. DOI 10.1007\/s00330-015-3758-410.1007\/s00330-015-3758-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3758-4"},{"key":"4977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2014.03.010","volume":"26","author":"KT AbdeleRahman","year":"2014","unstructured":"AbdeleRahman KT, Rakocevic G (2014) Paraplegia following lumbosacral steroid epidural injections. J Clin Anesth 26:497\u2013499","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"492","key":"4977_CR5","first-page":"e491","volume":"29","author":"A Bilir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bilir A, Gulec S (2006) Cauda equina syndrome after epidural steroid injection: a case report. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 29(492):e491\u2013e493","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"4977_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00728.x","volume":"10","author":"DJ Kennedy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kennedy DJ, Dreyfuss P, Aprill CN, Bogduk N (2009) Paraplegia following image-guided transforaminal lumbar spine epidural steroid injection: two case reports. Pain Med 10:1389\u20131394","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"4977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200807000-00016","volume":"33","author":"JH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JH, Lee JK, Seo BR, Moon SJ, Kim JH, Kim SH (2008) Spinal cord injury produced by direct damage during cervical transforaminal epidural injection. Reg Anesth Pain Med 33:377\u2013379","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"4977_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/159","volume":"12","author":"AJ Linn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linn AJ, Desilva C, Peeters-Asdourian C (2009) Thromboembolic stroke: a rare complication associated with peri-procedural management of an epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician 12:159\u2013162","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"4977_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31829a4cc6","volume":"29","author":"S Pikis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pikis S, Cohen JE, Gomori JM et al (2013) Cauda equina syndrome after spinal epidural steroid injection into an unrecognized paraganglioma. Clin J Pain 29:e39\u2013e41","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"4977_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2011.00615.x","volume":"23","author":"A Popescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Popescu A, Lai D, Lu A, Gardner K (2013) Stroke following epidural injections--case report and review of literature. J Neuroimaging 23:118\u2013121","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4977_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06770.x","volume":"66","author":"H Shanthanna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shanthanna H, Park J (2011) Acute epidural haematoma following epidural steroid injection in a patient with spinal stenosis. Anaesthesia 66:837\u2013839","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"4977_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/693","volume":"11","author":"TT Simopoulos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simopoulos TT, Kraemer JJ, Glazer P, Bajwa ZH (2008) Vertebral osteomyelitis: a potentially catastrophic outcome after lumbar epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician 11:693\u2013697","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"4977_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsp.2011.10.002","volume":"6","author":"RD Tackla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tackla RD, Keller JT, Ernst RJ, Farley CW, Bohinski RJ (2012) Conus medullaris syndrome after epidural steroid injection: Case report. Int J Spine Surg 6:29\u201333","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"4977_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2010.08.029","volume":"53","author":"L Thefenne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thefenne L, Dubecq C, Zing E et al (2010) A rare case of paraplegia complicating a lumbar epidural infiltration. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 53:575\u2013583","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"4977_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.SPINE0916","volume":"11","author":"R Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu R, Bydon M, Gokaslan ZL, Wolinsky JP, Witham TF, Bydon A (2009) Epidural steroid injection resulting in epidural hematoma in a patient despite strict adherence to anticoagulation guidelines. J Neurosurg Spine 11:358\u2013364","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"4977_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E376","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31819d0d45","volume":"34","author":"HS Yoo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yoo HS, Park SW, Han JH et al (2009) Paraplegia caused by an epidural hematoma in a patient with unrecognized chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura following an epidural steroid injection. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:E376\u2013E379","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4977_CR17","first-page":"445","volume":"7","author":"R Derby","year":"2004","unstructured":"Derby R, Lee SH, Kim BJ, Chen Y, Seo KS (2004) Complications following cervical epidural steroid injections by expert interventionalists in 2003. Pain Physician 7:445\u2013449","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"4977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01077.x","volume":"12","author":"JM McGrath","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGrath JM, Schaefer MP, Malkamaki DM (2011) Incidence and characteristics of complications from epidural steroid injections. Pain Med 12:726\u2013731","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"4977_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.05.034","volume":"15","author":"C Plastaras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plastaras C, McCormick ZL, Garvan C et al (2015) Adverse events associated with fluoroscopically guided lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Spine J 15:2157\u20132165","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"4977_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2452062007","volume":"245","author":"HS Jeong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jeong HS, Lee JW, Kim SH, Myung JS, Kim JH, Kang HS (2007) Effectiveness of transforaminal epidural steroid injection by using a preganglionic approach: a prospective randomized controlled study. Radiology 245:584\u2013590","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4977_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0258-2","volume":"36","author":"JW Kwon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kwon JW, Lee JW, Kim SH et al (2007) Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection for neck pain and cervical radiculopathy: effect and prognostic factors. Skeletal Radiol 36:431\u2013436","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"4977_CR22","first-page":"204","volume":"28","author":"IS Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee IS, Kim SH, Lee JW et al (2007) Comparison of the temporary diagnostic relief of transforaminal epidural steroid injection approaches: conventional versus posterolateral technique. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:204\u2013208","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4977_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2006.7.2.139","volume":"7","author":"JW Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JW, Kim SH, Choi JY et al (2006) Transforaminal epidural steroid injection for lumbosacral radiculopathy: preganglionic versus conventional approach. Korean J Radiol 7:139\u2013144","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"4977_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1727","volume":"187","author":"JW Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JW, Kim SH, Lee IS et al (2006) Therapeutic effect and outcome predictors of sciatica treated using transforaminal epidural steroid injection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:1427\u20131431","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"4977_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0860-1","volume":"39","author":"JW Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JW, Myung JS, Park KW et al (2010) Fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural steroid injection for management of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: short-term and long-term results. Skeletal Radiol 39:691\u2013699","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"4977_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0735-5","volume":"38","author":"JW Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee JW, Park KW, Chung SK et al (2009) Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection for the management of cervical radiculopathy: a comparative study of particulate versus non-particulate steroids. Skeletal Radiol 38:1077\u20131082","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"4977_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2180","volume":"31","author":"JW Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JW, Shin HI, Park SY, Lee GY, Kang HS (2010) Therapeutic trial of fluoroscopic interlaminar epidural steroid injection for axial low back pain: effectiveness and outcome predictors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:1817\u20131823","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4977_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2921-z","volume":"23","author":"SY Hwang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hwang SY, Lee JW, Lee GY, Kang HS (2013) Lumbar facet joint injection: feasibility as an alternative method in high-risk patients. Eur Radiol 23:3153\u20133160","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"4977_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.14.53","volume":"5","author":"MC Bicket","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bicket MC, Chakravarthy K, Chang D, Cohen SP (2015) Epidural steroid injections: an updated review on recent trends in safety and complications. Pain Manag 5:129\u2013146","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"4977_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1567","volume":"30","author":"EM Lyders","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lyders EM, Morris PP (2009) A case of spinal cord infarction following lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection: MR imaging and angiographic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:1691\u20131693","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4977_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753957","volume":"30","author":"K Muro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muro K, O'Shaughnessy B, Ganju A (2007) Infarction of the cervical spinal cord following multilevel transforaminal epidural steroid injection: case report and review of the literature. J Spinal Cord Med 30:385\u2013388","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"4977_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laemmel E, Segal N, Mirshahi M, et al. Deleterious Effects of Intra-arterial Administration of Particulate Steroids on Microvascular Perfusion in a Mouse Model. Radiology 279:731\u2013740. DOI 10.1148\/radiol.2015142746","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142746"},{"key":"4977_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diehn FE, Murthy NS, Maus TP Science to Practice: What Causes Arterial Infarction in Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections, and Which Steroid Is Safest? Radiology 279:657\u2013659. DOI 10.1148\/radiol.2016160171","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016160171"},{"key":"4977_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang Chien GC, Candido KD, Knezevic NN Digital subtraction angiography does not reliably prevent paraplegia associated with lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician 15:515\u2013523","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/515"},{"key":"4977_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chien GC, Candido KD Digital subtraction angiography is not the answer for safe epidural injections. Pain Physician 17:E413-414","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E413"},{"key":"4977_CR36","unstructured":"Nagpal AS, Chang-Chien GC, Benfield JA, Candido KD, Rana MV, Eckmann M Digital subtraction angiography use during epidural steroid injections does not reliably distinguish artery from vein. Pain Physician 19:255\u2013266"},{"key":"4977_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silbergleit R1, Mehta BA, Sanders WP, Talati SJ. Imaging-guided injection techniques with fluoroscopy and CT for spinal pain management. Radiographics 21:927\u2013939","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.4.g01jl15927"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4977-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4977-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4977-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T04:30:07Z","timestamp":1659241807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4977-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4977-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0938-7994","1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0938-7994","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]]}}}