{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:02:18Z","timestamp":1774958538214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07362-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T03:02:41Z","timestamp":1604631761000},"page":"2944-2955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: MRI findings in HIV-infected patients are closer to rituximab- than natalizumab-associated PML"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"Alleg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyid","family":"Baloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Kerschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Bourre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0877-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Ahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Pruvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Vermersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Papeix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lisabeth","family":"Maillart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Houillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile Molu\u00e7on","family":"Chabrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Claise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Malak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Martin-Blondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Bonneville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Caulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Marolleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me Tamburini","family":"Bonnefoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Agape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Kennel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Chauchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"De Seze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Fafi-Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7362_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12948","volume":"188","author":"SA Misbah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Misbah SA (2017) Progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy - driven from rarity to clinical mainstream by iatrogenic immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 188(3):342\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cei.12948","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"7362_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513510224","volume":"19","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Richert ND, Killestein J et al (2013) The chameleon of neuroinflammation: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Mult Scler 19(14):1826\u20131840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458513510224","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"7362_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1471-7","volume":"130","author":"J Bauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bauer J, Gold R, Adams O, Lassmann H (2015) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Acta Neuropathol 130(6):751\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-015-1471-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"7362_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373579","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/373579","volume":"2013","author":"CF De Gascun","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Gascun CF, Carr MJ (2013) Human polyomavirus reactivation: disease pathogenesis and treatment approaches. Clin Dev Immunol 2013:373579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/373579","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7362_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22128","volume":"68","author":"L Gorelik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S et al (2010) Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol 68(3):295\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.22128","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7362_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311100","volume":"87","author":"C McGuigan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGuigan C, Craner M, Guadagno J et al (2016) Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87(2):117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311100","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"7362_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Major EO, Yousry TA, Clifford DB (2018) Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and risks associated with treatments for multiple sclerosis: a decade of lessons learned. Lancet Neurol 17(5):467\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"7362_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107327481772990","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274817729901","volume":"24","author":"C Bohra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bohra C, Sokol L, Dalia S (2017) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and monoclonal antibodies: a review. Cancer Control 24(4):1073274817729901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073274817729901","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"7362_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2016.06.003","volume":"11","author":"D Kelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelly D, Monaghan B, McMahon E et al (2016) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy secondary to rituximab-induced immunosuppression and the presence of John Cunningham virus: a case report and literature review. Radiol Case Rep 11(3):251\u2013254. Published 2016 Jul 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2016.06.003","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"7362_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.114","volume":"1","author":"T Dong-Si","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dong-Si T, Richman S, Wattjes MP et al (2014) Outcome and survival of asymptomatic PML in natalizumab-treated MS patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 1(10):755\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.114","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7362_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.03.001","volume":"65","author":"R Shah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shah R, Bag AK, Chapman PR, Cur\u00e9 JK (2010) Imaging manifestations of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clin Radiol 65(6):431\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2010.03.001","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"7362_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.06.018","volume":"114","author":"M Horger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horger M, Beschorner R, Beck R et al (2012) Common and uncommon imaging findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with differential diagnostic considerations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114(8):1123\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.06.018","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"7362_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23676","volume":"72","author":"TA Yousry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yousry TA, Pelletier D, Cadavid D et al (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging pattern in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 72(5):779\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.23676","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"7362_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00577","volume":"8","author":"A Fournier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fournier A, Martin-Blondel G, Lechapt-Zalcman E et al (2017) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome unmasking or worsening AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a literature review. Front Immunol 8:577. Published 2017 May 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00577","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"7362_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.06.018","volume":"344","author":"M Miyagawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miyagawa M, Maeda M, Umino M et al (2014) Low signal intensity in U-fiber identified by susceptibility-weighted imaging in two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 344(1\u20132):198\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2014.06.018","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7362_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clifford DB, De Luca A, Simpson DM, Arendt G, Giovannoni G, Nath A (2010) Natalizumabassociated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol 9(4):438\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70028-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70028-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"7362_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316886","volume":"89","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Wijburg MT, van Eijk J et al (2018) Inflammatory natalizumab-associated PML: baseline characteristics, lesion evolution and relation with PML-IRIS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89(5):535\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316886","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"7362_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308630","volume":"86","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Vennegoor A, Steenwijk MD et al (2015) MRI pattern in asymptomatic natalizumab-associated PML. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86(7):793\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308630","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"7362_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","volume":"80","author":"JR Berger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB et al (2013) PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology 80(15):1430\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"7362_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-304986","volume":"84","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Verhoeff L, Zentjens W et al (2013) Punctate lesion pattern suggestive of perivascular inflammation in acute natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: productive JC virus infection or preclinical PML-IRIS manifestation? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84(10):1176\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2013-304986","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"7362_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4436","volume":"36","author":"J Hodel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodel J, Outteryck O, Verclytte S et al (2015) Brain magnetic susceptibility changes in patients with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 36(12):2296\u20132302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A4436","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"7362_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809252","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/809252","volume":"2015","author":"JM Honce","year":"2015","unstructured":"Honce JM, Nagae L, Nyberg E (2015) Neuroimaging of natalizumab complications in multiple sclerosis: PML and other associated entities. Mult Scler Int 2015:809252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/809252","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"issue":"16","key":"7362_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002586","volume":"86","author":"J Hodel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hodel J, Darchis C, Outteryck O et al (2016) Punctate pattern: a promising imaging marker for the diagnosis of natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology 86(16):1516\u20131523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002586","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"7362_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6072","volume":"40","author":"MM Thurnher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thurnher MM, Boban J, Rieger A, Gelpi E (2019) Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging hypointense rim in progressive multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: the end point of neuroinflammation and a potential outcome predictor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 40(6):994\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6072","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7362_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-1115-9","volume":"46","author":"M Bergui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bergui M, Bradac GB, Oguz KK et al (2004) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: diffusion-weighted imaging and pathological correlations. Neuroradiology 46(1):22\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-003-1115-9","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"7362_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2014.12.001","volume":"42","author":"F Cotton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cotton F, Kremer S, Hannoun S, Vukusic S, Dousset V (2015) Imaging working Group of the Observatoire Fran\u00e7ais de la Scl\u00e9rose en plaques. OFSEP, a nationwide cohort of people with multiple sclerosis: consensus minimal MRI protocol. J Neuroradiol 42(3):133\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurad.2014.12.001","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7362_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2077","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2077","volume":"29","author":"D Focosi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Focosi D, Tuccori M, Maggi F (2019) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: what do we know after 20 years of rituximab. Rev Med Virol 29(6):e2077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2077","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07362-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07362-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07362-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:01:20Z","timestamp":1744182080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07362-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["7362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07362-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0938-7994","1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0938-7994","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Stephane Kremer.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Nicolas Tuzin kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was not required for this study because patient consent was provided for in the hospital\u2019s charter.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"\u2022 prospective\u2022 observational\u2022 multicenter study","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}