{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:20:40Z","timestamp":1784128840477,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08276-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T06:17:11Z","timestamp":1632377831000},"page":"1891-1901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Using CT to evaluate mediastinal great vein invasion by thymic epithelial tumors: measurement of the interface between the tumor and neighboring structures"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Shoji","family":"Kuriyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Ishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinogu","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiko","family":"Atari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzu","family":"Harata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Motoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Minamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"8276_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811201)48:11<2485::AID-CNCR2820481123>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"48","author":"A Masaoka","year":"1981","unstructured":"Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T (1981) Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer 48:2485\u20132492","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"8276_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02936.x","volume":"44","author":"K Koga","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koga K, Matsuno Y, Noguchi M et al (1994) A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma. Pathol Int 44:359\u2013367","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 2","key":"8276_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000290","volume":"9","author":"FC Detterbeck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Detterbeck FC, Stratton K, Giroux D et al (2014) The IASLC\/ ITMIG Thymic Epithelial Tumors Staging Project: proposal for an evidence-based stage classification system for the forthcoming (8th) edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. J Thorac Oncol 9(9 Suppl 2):S65\u2013S72","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"8276_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2012.08.002","volume":"20","author":"YJ Qu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qu YJ, Liu GB, Shi HS, Liao MY, Yang GF, Tian ZX (2013) Preoperative CT findings of thymoma are correlated with postoperative Masaoka clinical stage. Acad Radiol 20:66\u201372","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e31828609a0","volume":"28","author":"EM Marom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marom EM (2013) Advances in thymoma imaging. J Thorac Imaging 28:69\u201380","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"8276_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185115590288","volume":"57","author":"Y Ozawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozawa Y, Hara M, Shimohira M, Sakurai K, Nakagawa M, Shibamoto Y (2016) Associations between computed tomography features of thymomas and their pathological classification. Acta Radiol 57:1318\u20131325","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120864","volume":"267","author":"K Imai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Imai K, Minamiya Y, Ishiyama K et al (2013) Use of CT to evaluate pleural invasion in non-small cell lung cancer: measurement of the ratio of the interface between tumor and neighboring structures to maximum tumor diameter. Radiology 267:619\u2013626","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8276_CR8","volume-title":"TNM classification of malignant tumours","author":"J Brierley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brierley J, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C (2017) TNM classification of malignant tumours. Wiley, Chichester"},{"key":"8276_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000204","volume":"9","author":"SA Hayes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayes SA, Huang J, Plodkowski AJ et al (2014) Preoperative computed tomography findings predict surgical resectability of thymoma. J Thorac Oncol 9:1023\u20131030","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"8276_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.02.019","volume":"106","author":"SA Hayes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes SA, Huang J, Golia Pernicka J et al (2018) Radiographic predictors of resectability in thymic carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 106:242\u2013248","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"8276_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.148.3.6878708","volume":"148","author":"JA Hanley","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hanley JA, McNeil BJ (1983) A method of comparing the area under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology 148:839\u2013843","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8276_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"3","author":"WJ Youden","year":"1950","unstructured":"Youden WJ (1950) Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3:32\u201335","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"8276_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5429","volume":"13","author":"Y Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen Y, Ye J, Fang W et al (2017) Efficacy of computed tomography features in predicting stage III thymic tumors. Oncol Lett 13:29\u201336","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"8276_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31821c4203","volume":"6","author":"EM Marom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marom EM, Milito MA, Moran CA et al (2011) Computed tomography findings predicting invasiveness of thymoma. J Thorac Oncol 6:1274\u20131281","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"8276_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5581","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.11.5581","volume":"13","author":"GB Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu GB, Qu YJ, Liao MY, Hu HJ, Yang GF, Zhou SJ (2012) Relationship between computed tomography manifestations of thymic epithelial tumors and the WHO pathological classification. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13:5581\u20135585","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"8276_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0126175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126175","volume":"10","author":"JH Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee JH, Park CM, Park SJ, Bae JS, Lee SM, Goo JM (2015) Value of computerized 3D shape analysis in differentiating encapsulated from invasive thymomas. PLoS One 10(5):e0126175","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8276_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12197","volume":"6","author":"E Scagliori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scagliori E, Evangelista L, Panunzio A et al (2015) Conflicting or complementary role of computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET)\/CT in the assessment of thymic cancer and thymoma: our experience and literature review. Thoracic Cancer 6:433\u2013442","journal-title":"Thoracic Cancer"},{"key":"8276_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.898242","volume":"81","author":"Y Ozawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozawa Y, Hara M, Nakagawa M, Shibamoto Y (2016) Utility of electrocardiography (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT) for preoperative evaluations of thymic epithelial tumors. Pol J Radiol 81:566\u2013571","journal-title":"Pol J Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4542-9","volume":"27","author":"S Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang S, Hur J, Im DJ et al (2017) Volume-based quantification using dual-energy computed tomography in the differentiation of thymic epithelial tumours an initial experience. Eur Radiol 27:1992\u20132001","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4795-y","volume":"27","author":"J Choe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choe J, Lee SM, Lim S et al (2017) Doubling time of thymic epithelial tumours on CT: correlation with histological subtype. Eur Radiol 27:4030\u20134036","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07100-4","volume":"31","author":"Q Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen Q, Shan Y, Xu W et al (2020) Risk stratification of thymic epithelial tumors by using a nomogram combined with radiomic features and TNM staging. Eur Radiol 31:423\u2013435","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2003.12.010","volume":"44","author":"ES Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim ES, Putnam JB, Komaki R et al (2004) Phase II study of a multidisciplinary approach with induction chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection, radiation therapy, and consoli- dation chemotherapy for unresectable malignant thymomas: final report. Lung Cancer 44:369\u2013379","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"8276_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-005-3047-y","volume":"35","author":"P Str\u00f6bel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Str\u00f6bel P, Marx A, Zettl A, M\u00fcller-Hermelink HK (2005) Thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an update of the WHO Classification 2004. Surg Today 35:805\u2013811","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"8276_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.11.026","volume":"39","author":"G Marulli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marulli G, Lucchi M, Margaritora S et al (2011) Surgical treatment of stage III thymic tumors: a multi-institutional review from four Italian centers. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 39:e1-7","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"8276_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2211001047","volume":"221","author":"T Higuchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Higuchi T, Taki J, Kinuya S et al (2001) Thymic lesions in patients with myasthenia gravis: characterization with thallium 201 scintigraphy. Radiology 221:201\u2013206","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8276_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0455.2002.430306.x","volume":"43","author":"S Sakai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sakai S, Murayama S, Soeda H, Matsuo Y, Ono M, Masuda K (2002) Differential diagnosis between thymoma and non-thymoma by dynamic MR imaging. Acta Radiol 43:262\u2013268","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.5.1801265","volume":"180","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takahashi K, Inaoka T, Murakami N et al (2003) Characterization of the normal and hyperplastic thymus on chemical-shift MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:1265\u20131269","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"8276_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.246045701","volume":"24","author":"B Ferdinand","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferdinand B, Gupta P, Kramer EL (2004) Spectrum of thymic uptake at 18F-FDG PET. Radiographics 24:1611\u20131616","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"8276_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.01.005","volume":"83","author":"S Seki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seki S, Koyama H, Ohno Y et al (2014) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging vs. multi-detector row CT: direct comparison of capability for assessment of management needs for anterior mediastinal solitary tumors. Eur J Radiol 83:835\u2013842","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2015.07.004","volume":"70","author":"H Yabuuchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yabuuchi H, Matsuo Y, Abe K et al (2015) Anterior mediastinal solid tumours in adults: character- isation using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, and FDG-PET\/CT. Clin Radiol 70:1289\u20131298","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.05.003","volume":"60","author":"J Sadohara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sadohara J, Fujimoto K, M\u00fcller NL et al (2006) Thymic epithelial tumors: comparison of CT and MR imaging findings of low-risk thymomas, high-risk thymomas, and thymic carcinomas. Eur J Radiol 60:70\u201379","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22377","volume":"32","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takahashi K, Al-Janabi NJ (2010) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of mediastinal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 32:1325\u20131339","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"8276_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06080-4","volume":"29","author":"B Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li B, Xin YK, Xiao G et al (2019) Predicting pathological subtypes and stages of thymic epithelial tumors using DWI: value of combining ADC and texture parameters. Eur Radiol 29:5330\u20135340","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"8276_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2009.0075","volume":"7","author":"DA Podoloff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Podoloff DA, Ball DW, Ben-Josef E et al (2009) NCCN task force: clinical utility of PET in a variety of tumor types. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7(Suppl 2):S1\u2013S26","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"8276_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3182835549","volume":"8","author":"MF Benveniste","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benveniste MF, Moran CA, Mawlawi O et al (2013) FDG PET-CT aids in the preoperative assessment of patients with newly diagnosed thymic epithelial malignancies. J Thorac Oncol 8:502\u2013510","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"8276_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-018-1712-1","volume":"49","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watanabe T, Shimomura H, Mutoh T et al (2019) Positron emission tomography\/computed tomography as a clinical diagnostic tool for anterior mediastinal tumors. Surg Today 49:143\u2013149","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"8276_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.120536","volume":"54","author":"P Sharma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharma P, Singhal A, Kumar A, Bal C, Malhotra A, Kumar R (2013) Evaluation of thymic tumors with 18F-FDG PET-CT: a pictorial review. Acta Radiol 54:14\u201321","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"8276_CR38","volume-title":"Pathology of the thymus and mediastinum","author":"MJ Kornstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kornstein MJ (1995) Pathology of the thymus and mediastinum. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA"},{"key":"8276_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-009-0283-z","volume":"23","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar A, Regmi SK, Dutta R et al (2009) Characterization of thymic masses using 18F-FDG PET-CT. Ann Nucl Med 23:569\u2013577","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"8276_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-010-0036-x","volume":"44","author":"JY Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim JY, Kim HO, Kim JS et al (2010) (18)F-FDG PET\/CT is useful for pretreatment assessment of the histopathologic type of thymic epithelial tumors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 44:177\u2013184","journal-title":"Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8276_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1082-4","volume":"36","author":"A Inoue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Inoue A, Tomiyama N, Tatsumi M et al (2009) (18)F-FDG PET for the evaluation of thymic epithelial tumors: correlation with the World Health Organization classification in addition to dual-time-point imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36:1219\u20131225","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08276-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08276-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08276-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T18:24:13Z","timestamp":1644517453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08276-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["8276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08276-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0938-7994","1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0938-7994","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Yoshihiro Minamiya.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"One of the authors has significant statistical expertise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"\u2022 retrospective\u2022 diagnostic or prognostic study\u2022 performed at one institution","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}