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Pre-treatment MRIs were collected, annotated, and used as ground truth to learn and evaluate the deep learning model. Thirty-eight patients from another institution were used for independently external testing. The proposed segmentation model was constructed based on a U-Net architecture. Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs), Hausdorff distance of 95% percentile (95HD), Jaccard value, true positive rate (TPR), and false positive rate (FPR) of each case were calculated. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to investigate if the model performance was associated with the radiological characteristics of tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proposed model showed a good performance in segmentation with average DSCs of 0.840, Jaccard of 0.734, TPR of 0.820, FPR of 0.000, and 95HD of 3.669 mm. It performed feasibly in the independent external test set, with average DSCs of 0.816, Jaccard of 0.704, TPR of 0.765, FPR of 0.000, and 95HD of 4.201 mm. Also, one-way ANOVA suggested the performance was not statistically associated with radiological characteristics, including predominantly composition (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.370), lobulated shape (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.353), compressed or enclosed ICA (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.809), and cavernous sinus invasion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.283).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed deep learning model shows promising results for the automated segmentation of craniopharyngioma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 The segmentation model based on U-Net showed good performance in segmentation of craniopharyngioma.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 The proposed model showed good performance regardless of the radiological characteristics of craniopharyngioma.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2022 The model achieved feasibility in the independent external dataset obtained from another center.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09216-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T22:02:53Z","timestamp":1668722573000},"page":"2665-2675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Automated segmentation of craniopharyngioma on MR images using U-Net-based deep convolutional neural network"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Chaoyue","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuen","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6103-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"9216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0125-9","volume":"5","author":"HL M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller HL, Merchant TE, Warmuth-Metz M, Martinez-Barbera JP, Puget S (2019) Craniopharyngioma. 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