{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:15:39Z","timestamp":1784571339942,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005774","name":"Universitat de Barcelona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To conduct brainstem MRI shape analysis across neurodegenerative parkinsonisms and control subjects (CS), along with its association with clinical and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) correlates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected demographic and clinical variables, performed planimetric and shape MRI analyses, and determined CSF neurofilament-light chain (NfL) levels in 84 participants: 11 CS, 12 with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), 26 with multiple system atrophy (MSA), 21 with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 14 with corticobasal degeneration (CBD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MSA featured the most extensive and significant brainstem shape narrowing (that is, atrophy), mostly in the pons. CBD presented local atrophy in several small areas in the pons and midbrain compared to PD and CS. PSP presented local atrophy in small areas in the posterior and upper midbrain as well as the rostral pons compared to MSA. Our findings of planimetric MRI measurements and CSF NfL levels replicated those from previous literature. Brainstem shape atrophy correlated with worse motor state in all parkinsonisms and with higher NfL levels in MSA, PSP, and PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atypical parkinsonisms present different brainstem shape patterns which correlate with clinical severity and neuronal degeneration. In MSA, shape analysis could be further explored as a potential diagnostic biomarker. By contrast, shape analysis appears to have a rather limited discriminant value in PSP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2022<jats:italic>Atypical parkinsonisms present different brainstem shape patterns<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022<jats:italic>Shape patterns correlate with clinical severity and neuronal degeneration<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022<jats:italic>In MSA, shape analysis could be further explored as a potential diagnostic biomarker<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09435-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T14:16:28Z","timestamp":1676124988000},"page":"4540-4551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Midbrain and pons MRI shape analysis and its clinical and CSF correlates in degenerative parkinsonisms: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Painous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pascual-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JC.","family":"Pariente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Prats-Galino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Valldeoriola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Caballol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pont-Sunyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Basora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MJ.","family":"Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bargall\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Compta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"9435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2011.627345","volume":"18","author":"A Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hassan A, Parisi JE, Josephs KA (2012) Autopsy-proven progressive supranuclear palsy presenting as behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase 18:478\u2013488","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23293","volume":"26","author":"G Longoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Longoni G, Agosta F, Kostic VS et al (2011) MRI measurements of brainstem structures in patients with Richardson\u2019s syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26(2):247\u2013255","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"9435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0412","volume":"73","author":"MA Santos-Santos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santos-Santos MA, Mandelli ML, Binney RJ et al (2016) Features of patients with nonfluent\/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia with underlying progressive supranuclear palsy pathology or corticobasal degeneration. JAMA Neurol 73(6):733\u2013742","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9435_CR4","first-page":"615","volume":"33","author":"JQ Trojanowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trojanowski JQ, Revesz T (2007) Neuropathology Working Group on MSA. Proposed neuropathological criteria for the post mortem diagnosis of\u00a0multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol\u00a0Appl Neurobiol\u00a033(6):615\u201320","journal-title":"Proposed neuropathological criteria for the post mortem diagnosis of\u00a0multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol\u00a0Appl Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.5.835","volume":"59","author":"K Bhattacharya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bhattacharya K, Saadia D, Eisenkraft B et al (2002) Brain magnetic resonance imaging in multiple-system atrophy and Parkinson disease: a diagnostic algorithm. Arch Neurol 59(5):835\u2013842","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"9435_CR6","unstructured":"Iwata M (1994) Humming-bird appearance of mid-brain in MRI of progressive supranuclear palsy, Annual Report of the Research Committee of CNS Degenerative Diseases. The Minister of Health and Welfare of Japan, pp 48\u2013 50."},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"9435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf117","volume":"125","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Watanabe H, Saito Y, Terao S et al (2002) Progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy: an analysis of 230 Japanese patients. Brain 125(Pt 5):1070\u20131083","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"9435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00767.x","volume":"116","author":"M Cosottini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cosottini M, Ceravolo R, Faggioni L et al (2007) Assessment of midbrain atrophy in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy with routine magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Neurol Scand 116(1):37\u201342","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"9435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.05.006","volume":"28","author":"E Owens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Owens E, Krecke K, Ahlskog JE et al (2016) Highly specific radiographic marker predates clinical diagnosis in progressive supranuclear palsy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 28:107\u2013111","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2453061703","volume":"246","author":"A Quattrone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quattrone A, Nicoletti G, Messina D et al (2008) MR imaging index for differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson disease and the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy. Radiology 246(1):214\u2013221","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"9435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.016","volume":"54","author":"A Quattrone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quattrone A, Morelli M, Nigro S et al (2018) A new MR imaging index for differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism from Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 54:3\u20138","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"9435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2184-3","volume":"36","author":"V Kaasinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaasinen V, Kangassalo N, Gardberg M et al (2015) Midbrain-to-pons ratio in autopsy-confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy: replication in an independent cohort. Neurol Sci 36(7):1251\u20131253","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.05.033","volume":"77","author":"S Mangesius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mangesius S, Mariotto S, Ferrari S et al (2020) Novel decision algorithm to discriminate parkinsonism with combined blood and imaging biomarkers. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 77:57\u201363","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"9435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori H, Aoki S, Ohtomo K (2004) Morning glory sign is not prevalent in progressive supranuclear palsy. Magn Reson Med Sci 3(4):215; author reply 216\u20137.","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.3.215"},{"key":"9435_CR15","first-page":"242","volume":"1071","author":"M Styner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Styner M, Oguz I, Xu S et al (2006) Framework for the statistical shape analysis of brain structures using SPHARM-PDM. Insight J 1071:242\u2013250","journal-title":"Insight J"},{"key":"9435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.180","volume":"126","author":"MO Kaya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaya MO, Ozturk S, Ercan I et al (2019) Statistical shape analysis of subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson disease. World Neurosurg 126:e835\u2013e841","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"9435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22282","volume":"35","author":"RA Menke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menke RA, Szewczyk-Krolikowski K, Jbabdi S et al (2014) Comprehensive morphometry of subcortical grey matter structures in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 35(4):1681\u20131690","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"5","key":"9435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26550","volume":"31","author":"ME Caligiuri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caligiuri ME, Nistic\u00f2 R, Arabia G et al (2016) Alterations of putaminal shape in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 31(5):676\u2013683","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"9435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.03.009","volume":"20","author":"HM Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee HM, Kwon KY, Kim MJ et al (2014) Subcortical grey matter changes in untreated, early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease without dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20(6):622\u2013626","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.07.013","volume":"194","author":"JC Looi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Looi JC, Macfarlane MD, Walterfang M et al (2011) Morphometric analysis of subcortical structures in progressive supranuclear palsy: in vivo evidence of neostriatal and mesencephalic atrophy. Psychiatry Res 194(2):163\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.07.013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03884.x","volume":"20","author":"J Saini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saini J, Bagepally BS, Sandhya M et al (2013) Subcortical structures in progressive supranuclear palsy: vertex-based analysis. Eur J Neurol 20(3):493\u2013501","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"9435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.05.040","volume":"65","author":"Y Compta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Compta Y, Dias SP, Giraldo DM et al (2019) Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in multiple system atrophy: a cross-sectional Catalan MSA registry study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 65:3\u201312","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202332","volume":"11","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Soriano","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Soriano A, Giraldo DM, R\u00edos J, Mu\u00f1oz E, Compta Y, Mart\u00ed MJ, Catal\u00e1n MSA, Registry (CMSAR), (2021) Progression of motor and non-motor symptoms in multiple system atrophy: a prospective study from the Catalan-MSA Registry. J Parkinsons Dis 11(2):685\u2013694","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"9435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26987","volume":"32","author":"GU H\u00f6glinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M et al (2017) Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the Movement Disorder Society criteria. Mov Disord 32(6):853\u2013864","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"9435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1","volume":"80","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Armstrong MJ, Litvan I, Lang AE et al (2013) Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology 80:496\u2013503","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15","volume":"71","author":"S Gilman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA et al (2008) Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 71(9):670\u2013676","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"9435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M et al (2015) MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 30(12):1591\u20131601","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"9435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.Erratum.In:(2019)JAmGeriatrSoc.67(9):1991","volume":"53","author":"Z Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine Z, Phillips N, B\u00c3cdirian V, et al (2005) The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(4):695\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.Erratum.In:(2019)JAmGeriatrSoc.67(9):1991","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"9435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.016","volume":"82","author":"VC Constantinides","year":"2021","unstructured":"Constantinides VC, Paraskevas GP, Boufidou F, Bourbouli M, Stefanis L, Kapaki E (2021) Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profiling in corticobasal degeneration: application of the AT(N) and other classification systems. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 82:44\u201349","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"9435_CR30","first-page":"189","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for\u00a0the clinician. J Psychiatr Res\u00a012(3):189\u201398","journal-title":"A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for\u00a0the clinician. J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"9435_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20255","volume":"19","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Tison F, Seppi K et al (2004) Development and validation of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS). Mov Disord 19(12):1391\u20131402","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"9435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm032","volume":"130","author":"LI Golbe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Golbe LI, Ohman-Strickland PA (2007) A clinical rating scale for progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 130(Pt 6):1552\u20131565","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9435_CR33","unstructured":"Fahn S, Elton RL (1987) Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne DB, Lieberman A, editors. Recent developments in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Florham Park, NJ: McMillan Health Care Information, pp 153 -163."},{"key":"9435_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoehn MM, Yahr MD (1967) Parkinsonism onset progression and mortality.\u00a0Neurology 17:427e42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427"},{"key":"9435_CR35","unstructured":"Schwab R, England A (1969). Projection technique for evaluating surgery in Parkinson\u2019s disease. In: Gillinham F, Donaldson M, eds. Third Symposium on Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research. Edinburgh, Scotland: ES Livingston."},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7560-z","volume":"262","author":"Y Compta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Compta Y, Valente T, Saura J et al (2015) Correlates of cerebrospinal fluid levels of oligomeric- and total- alfa-synuclein in premotor, motor and dementia stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 262(2):294\u2013306","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"9435_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.065","volume":"113","author":"JE Iglesias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iglesias JE, Van Leemput K, Bhatt P et al (2015) Bayesian segmentation of brainstem structures in MRI. Neuroimage 113:184\u2013195","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"9435_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5618","volume":"39","author":"VC Constantinides","year":"2018","unstructured":"Constantinides VC, Paraskevas GP, Velonakis G, Toulas P, Stamboulis E, Kapaki E (2018) MRI planimetry and magnetic resonance Parkinsonism Index in the differential diagnosis of patients with parkinsonism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39(6):1047\u20131051","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"9435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duan J, Schlemper J, Bai W, et al. (2018). Shape in medical imaging (Vol. 11167, Issue Lv). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04747-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04747-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"9435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00767.x","volume":"73","author":"Y Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhu H, Shen D, Lin W, Gilmore JH, Ibrahim JG (2011) Multiscale adaptive regression models for neuroimaging data. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 73(4):559\u2013578","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_218_20","volume":"34","author":"RY Lo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo RY (2021) Epidemiology of atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Tzu Chi Med J 34(2):169\u2013181","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"9435_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","volume":"6","author":"DV Cicchetti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cicchetti DV (1994) Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychol Assess 6(4):284\u2013290","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"9435_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc 57:289\u2013300","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"9435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26921","volume":"32","author":"L M\u00f6ller","year":"2017","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller L, Kassubek J, S\u00fcdmeyer M et al (2017) Manual MRI morphometry in Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord 32(5):778\u2013782","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"9435_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.10.020","volume":"46","author":"S Mangesius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mangesius S, Hussl A, Krismer F et al (2018) MR planimetry in neurodegenerative parkinsonism yields high diagnostic accuracy for PSP. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 46:47\u201355","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.07.007","volume":"16","author":"R Constantinescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Constantinescu R, Rosengren L, Johnels B, Zetterberg H, Holmberg B (2010) Consecutive analyses of cerebrospinal fluid axonal and glial markers in Parkinson\u2019s disease and atypical Parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16(2):142\u2013145","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"9435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3832","volume":"35","author":"CP Hess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hess CP, Christine CW, Apple AC, Dillon WP, Aminoff MJ (2014) Changes in the thalamus in atypical parkinsonism detected using shape analysis and diffusion tensor imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(5):897\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3832","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00662-8.Erratum.In:(2004)LancetNeurolMar;3(3):137","volume":"3","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wenning GK, Colosimo C, Geser F, Poewe W (2004) Multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol 3(2):93\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00662-8.Erratum.In:(2004)LancetNeurolMar;3(3):137","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9435_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.3.462","volume":"63","author":"K Boelmans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boelmans K, Kaufmann J, Bodammer N, Heinze HJ, Niehaus L (2006) Corticospinal tract atrophy in corticobasal degeneration. Arch Neurol 63(3):462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.63.3.462","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9435_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.18034","volume":"12","author":"I Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung I, Kim JS (2019) Abnormal Eye Movements in Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders. J Mov Disord 12(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/jmd.18034","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"9435_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm104","volume":"130","author":"DR Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams DR, Holton JL, Strand C et al (2007) Pathological tau burden and distribution distinguishes progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism from Richardson\u2019s syndrome. Brain 130:1566\u20131576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm104","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"9435_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10090988","volume":"255","author":"KK Tha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tha KK, Terae S, Yabe I et al (2010) Microstructural white matter abnormalities of multiple system atrophy: in vivo topographic illustration by using diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology 255(2):563\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.10090988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9435_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.6.647","volume":"60","author":"K Ishizawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ishizawa K, Dickson DW (2001) Microglial activation parallels system degeneration in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60(6):647\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/60.6.647","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9435_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1968.00470310034003","volume":"18","author":"JJ Rebeiz","year":"1968","unstructured":"Rebeiz JJ, Kolodny EH, Richardson EP Jr (1968) Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia. Arch Neurol 18(1):20\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1968.00470310034003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9435_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20162","volume":"19","author":"A Gerhard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gerhard A, Watts J, Trender-Gerhard I et al (2004) In vivo imaging of microglial activation with (11C)(R)-PK11195 PET in corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 19(10):1221\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20162","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"13","key":"9435_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007179","volume":"92","author":"TM Marques","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marques TM, van Rumund A, Oeckl P et al (2019) Serum NFL discriminates Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonisms. Neurology 92(13):e1479\u2013e1486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007179","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9435_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004859","volume":"90","author":"JC Rojas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rojas JC, Bang J, Lobach IV et al (2018) CSF neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated tau 181 predict disease progression in PSP. Neurology 90(4):e273\u2013e281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004859","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9435_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1654","volume":"69","author":"S Hall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall S, \u00d6hrfelt A, Constantinescu R et al (2012) Accuracy of a panel of 5 cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of patients with dementia and\/or parkinsonian disorders. Arch Neurol 69(11):1445\u20131452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1654","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"9435_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh303","volume":"127","author":"T Ozawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ozawa T, Paviour D, Quinn NP et al (2004) The spectrum of pathological involvement of the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems in multiple system atrophy: clinicopathological correlations. Brain 127(Pt 12):2657\u20132671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh303","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9435_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.065","volume":"113","author":"JE Iglesias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iglesias JE, Van Leemput K, Bhatt P, Casillas C, Dutt S, Schuff N, Truran-Sacrey D, Boxer A, Fischl B (2015) Bayesian segmentation of brainstem structures in MRI. Neuroimage 113:184\u2013195","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"9435_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-019-0025-6","volume":"2","author":"R Cattell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cattell R, Chen S, Huang C (2019) Robustness of radiomic features in magnetic resonance imaging: review and a phantom study. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42492-019-0025-6","journal-title":"Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-023-09435-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-023-09435-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-023-09435-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:17:52Z","timestamp":1728865072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-023-09435-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["9435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-023-09435-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantors of this publication are the corresponding authors on behalf of their institutions: Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and University of Barcelona.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"None of the authors has any conflict of interest relevant to the topic of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Mr. Jos\u00e9 R\u00edos from the IDIBAPS Statistical Core Facilty kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript. Dr Celia Painous and Yaroslau Compta along with Mr. Saul Pascual-Diaz and Mrs Emma Mu\u00f1oz have significant statistical expertise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Out of the 84 participants, 32 were previously reported in two published studies with no overlap with the current one:","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}