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Additionally, the automatically segmented volumes of the total ventricles and subarachnoid spaces were compared with the manually segmented volumes of those extracted from 3D T2-weighted images using the intra-class correlation and Bland\u2013Altman analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, 133 healthy volunteers aged 21\u201392 years were included. The mean intra-class correlations between the automatically and manually segmented volumes of the total ventricles and subarachnoid spaces were 0.986 and 0.882, respectively. The increase in the CSF volume was estimated to be approximately 30 mL (2%) per decade from 265 mL (18.7%) in the 20s to 488 mL (33.7%) in ages above 80 years; however, the increase in the volume of total ventricles was approximately 20 mL (&lt; 2%) until the 60s and increased in ages above 60 years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study confirmed the reliability of the CSF volumes using the AI-based auto-segmentation application. The intracranial CSF volume increased linearly because of the brain volume reduction with aging; however, the ventricular volume did not change until the age of 60 years and above and then gradually increased. This finding could help elucidate the pathogenesis of chronic hydrocephalus in adults.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>The brain and CSF spaces were automatically segmented using an artificial intelligence-based application<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>The total subarachnoid spaces increased linearly with aging, whereas the total ventricle volume was around 20 mL (&lt; 2%) until the 60s and increased in ages above 60 years.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>The cortical gray matter gradually decreases with aging, whereas the subcortical gray matter maintains its volume, and the cerebral white matter increases slightly until the 40s and begins to decrease from the 50s.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09632-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T07:02:14Z","timestamp":1681542134000},"page":"7099-7112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Aging-related volume changes in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid using artificial intelligence-automated segmentation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Kawano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9632_CR1","first-page":"897","volume":"14","author":"MJ de Leon","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Leon MJ, Golomb J, George AE et al (1993) The radiologic prediction of Alzheimer disease: the atrophic hippocampal formation. 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The first and corresponding author, Shigeki Yamada, who is assistant professor (lecture) at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, will be the primary contact in case of questions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"SY has a joint research agreement with FUJIFILM Corporation and has received research funding. He has received honoraria for lectures from FUJIFILM Medical Corporation. No developers from FUJIFILM Corporation are included as co-authors. The remaining authors declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"SY has significant statistical expertise. He learned biostatistics at the department of the Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University School of Public Health from 2001 to 2004. Since 2003, he was responsible for statistical analysis in more than 30 major papers.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Healthy volunteers underwent MRI after providing written informed consent explaining the potential for detection of brain disease.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. The study design and protocol have been approved by the ethics committee at Shiga University of Medical Science on October 11, 2019 (IRB number: R2019-227). The MRI data in this study is not available to the community via any open repositories, because the ethics committees have approved that this research shares MRI data with five collaborative institutes and does not allow it to be provided to other institutions. The data will only be available if the ethics committees approve new participation in the collaborative research.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Study subjects in this study did not overlap in our previous publications. All contents in this manuscript have not been published or presented elsewhere in part or entirety and is not under consideration by another journal.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"value":"\u2022 prospective\u2022 observational\/cross sectional study\u2022 performed at one institution","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}